1.   Introduction

In Horqin sandy land, the density of slightly degraded and healthy planted forest of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv. is timely regulated by thinning and pruning. In accordance with the growth and development characteristics of the planted forest at different stages, the contents of soil moisture and nutrients are also managed to maintain a dynamic balance of the sandy land, and different cultivation aims. This improved water and nutrient status of stand of the Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv. plantation, maintained the stand healthy, prevented serious differentiation of stand individuals, prevented, and postponed the occurrence and development of the plantation degradation in sandy land. This technology is suitable for density control of healthy and slightly degraded Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv plantation in Horqin sandy land.

2.   Applicable conditions

2.1   The main use(s) of the technology

□ increase production (crop, fodder, wood/ fibre, water, energy)

■ reduce, prevent, restore land degradation (soil, water, vegetation)

□ conserve ecosystem

■ preserve / improve biodiversity

□ reduce risk of disasters (e.g. droughts, floods, landslides)

□ adapt to climate change/ extremes and its impacts (e.g. resilience to droughts, storms)

■ mitigate climate change and its impacts (e.g. through carbon sequestration)

□ create economic benefits (e.g. increase income/ employment opportunities)

□ create social benefits (e.g. reduce conflicts on natural resources, support marginalized groups)

□ other purposes (specify): ……………………………………………………………………………………………

2.2   Types of degraded land to which the technology is applicable

□ Semi-fixed sandy land

□ Shifting sandy land

□ Desertified grassland

□ Saline-alkali grassland

□ Active wind-erosion pit

■ Degraded forestland

□ Desertified cultivated land

□ Other types

2.3   The climatic conditions to which the technology is applicable

1   

Climate zones	Temperate semi-arid zone, temperate sub-humid zone
Average annual precipitation/mm	350-650mm	Average annual evaporation/mm	1000-1800mm
Average annual temperature/℃	5 to 9℃	Maximum temperature/℃	40℃
Minimum temperature/℃	-40℃	Average annual wind speed/ m/s	2~4 m/s
Note: Precipitation, evaporation, air temperature and wind speed in the table are average values over the 1980-2010 period. The climatic data were obtained from local national weather stations.

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2.4   The origin of the technology

2  Basic information of the demonstration area

Province	County	Township	Climate zones	Longitude	Latitude	Elevation/m
Liaoning Province	Zhanwu County	Zhanggutai Town	Temperate sub-humid zone	122°33'38″E	42°43'02"N	220

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3.   Site conditions suitable for the technology

3  Topographical conditions

Elevation	Topography	Slope gradient	Slope direction	Slope position
□ < 100 m	□ Flat lands	□ Flat (0-5%)	□ Sunny	□ Up
■ 101-500 m	□ Hillside	□ Gentle (6-15%)	□ Shady	□ Middle
■ 501-1, 000 m	□ Hilly slopes	□ Slope (16-25%)	□ Half-sunny	□ Down
■ 1, 001-1, 500 m	□ Slopes	□ Steep (26-35%)	□ Half-shady
■ 1, 501-2, 000 m	□ Valley floor
□ 2, 001-2, 500 m	■ Sand dunes
□ 2501-3, 000 m	■ Flat sandy land
	□ Cultivated land that slopes gently

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4  Soil condition

Soil types	Soil texture	Effective soil layer thickness	Organic matter content of surface soils	Soil hardness	Soil gravel content
■ Aeolian sandy soil	■ Sandy soil	□ 0-20 cm	□ High (> 3%)	□ High	■ Light gravelly soil (1-5%)
□ Calcium chestnut soil	■ Sandy loamy soil	■ 20-50 cm	□ Medium (1-3%)	□ Medium	□ Medium gravelly soil (5-10)
□ Brown calcium soil	□ Loamy soil	■ 50-100 cm	■ Low (< 1%)	■ Low	□ Gravelly soil (10-30%)
□ Cinnamon soil	□ Clay	■ 100-200 cm			□ Light gravel (30-50%)
□ Saline-alkali soil		■ > 200 cm			□ Medium gravel (50-70%)
□ Others:					□ Heavy gravel soil (> 70%)

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5  Vegetation status

Vegetation types	Community coverage	Vegetation degradation status
■ Planted forests: (Pinus sylvestris Plantation)	□ < 5%	■ Light
□ Sandy vegetation: (what kind of community)	□ 5-15%	□ Moderate
□ Bush: (what kind of community)	□ 15-25%	□ Severe
□ Grassland: (what kind of community)	□ 25-40%	■ Artificial forest with dead treetops
□ Meadow: (what kind of community)	■ > 40%	□ Artificial forest with dead trees
□ Others:

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6  Groundwater status

Average buried depth
□ < 1 m
□ 1-3 m
■ 3-5 m
■ 5-10 m
■ > 10 m

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4.   Technological contents

7  For specific technologies, please fill in the relevant information by selecting the technology category below.

Technical steps	Technical points	Season / month of implementation
1. Selective felling	Intercepting ratio: The intercepting ratio is determined according to the density of the stand, with a density of 810-1100 plants hm-2 for 20-year stands, 450-570 plants hm-2 for 30-40-year stands and 450-570 plants hm-2 for > 40-year stands. Work methods: manual, mechanical. Interplanting methods: leave the healthy ones and remove the weak ones, and inter-row interplanting or inter-plant Interplanting as well.	Winter
Technical steps	Technical points	Winter
2. Others	None
Schedules or annexes (if there are relevant technical parameters indicators, you can add the schedule or annex information here)

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5.   Technological cost

8   

Labour costs	400 RMB/ha
Machinery costs	500 RMB/ha
Cost of materials	100 RMB/ha
Water cost (if irrigation was required)	0.0 RMB/ha
Total cost	1000 RMB/ha

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6.   Demonstrations

Comparison before and after the technology implementation.

1  A stand landscape of slightly degraded Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantation before density regulation (2016) (Sanjiazi experimental area, Zhanggutai Town, Zhangwu County, Liaoning Province, 122°33′22″E, 42°41′17″N)

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2  A stand landscape of slightly degraded Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantation after density regulation (2017) (Sanjiazi experimental area, Zhanggutai Town, Zhangwu County, Liaoning Province, 122°33′22″E, 42°41′17″N)

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