1.   Introduction

Since 2000, the Beijing-Tianjin sandstorm source Project has played a positive role in controlling the expansion of sandy land, despite the sand fixation forests degraded to varying degrees. According to the degradation degree and natural restoration ability of sand fixing shrub forests such as Hedysarum mongdicum Turcz Var. and Salix gordejevii Y. L. Chang et Skv., the cutting and rejuvenation and the introduction of appropriate coniferous and broad-leaved tree species were adopted to improve the degraded forests. The protection and restoration technologies of degraded vegetation were applied to improve the quality and benefit of the degraded vegetation, especially the natural shrub forests.

2.   Applicable conditions

2.1   The main use(s) of the technology

■ increase production (crop, fodder, wood/ fibre, water, energy)

■ reduce, prevent, restore land degradation (soil, water, vegetation)

□ conserve ecosystem

■ preserve / improve biodiversity

■ reduce risk of disasters (e.g. droughts, floods, landslides)

□ adapt to climate change / extremes and its impacts (e.g. resilience to droughts, storms)

□ mitigate climate change and its impacts (e.g. through carbon sequestration)

□ create economic benefits (e.g. increase income/ employment opportunities)

□ create social benefits (e.g. reduce conflicts on natural resources, support marginalized groups)

□ other purposes (specify): ……………………………………………………………………………………………

2.2   Types of degraded land to which the technology is applicable

□ Semi-fixed sandy land

□ Shifting sandy land

□ Desertified grassland

□ Saline-alkali grassland

□ Active wind-erosion pit

■ Degraded forestland

□ Desertified cultivated land

□ Other types

2.3   The climatic conditions to which the technology is applicable

Climate zone: temperate semi-arid zone.

Annual precipitation: 250-400 mm.

Annual evaporation: 1700-2000 mm.

Annual average temperature: 1.5-6.0 ℃.

Maximum temperature: 40 ℃.

Minimum temperature: - 35 ℃.

Annual average wind speed: 2.5-3.5 m / s

2.4   The origin of the technology

Nanshaliang Forest Farm in Duolun County is located at n42 ° 08 ', E116 ° 29'.

3.   Site conditions suitable for the technology

1  Topographical conditions

Elevation	Topography	Slope gradient	Slope direction	Slope position
□ < 100 m	■ Flat lands	■ Flat (0-5%)	□ Sunny	□ Up
□ 101-500 m	□ Hillside	■ Gentle (6-15%)	□ Shady	□ Middle
■ 501-1, 000 m	□ Hilly slopes	□ Slope (16-25%)	□ Half-sunny	□ Down
■ 1, 001-1, 500 m	□ Slopes	□ Steep (26-35%)	□ Half-shady
■ 1, 501-2, 000 m	□ Valley floor
□ 2, 001-2, 500 m	■ Sand dunes
□ 2501-3, 000 m	■ Flat sandy land
	□ Cultivated land that slopes gently

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2  Soil condition

Soil types	Soil texture	Effective soil layer thickness	Organic matter content of surface soils	Soil hardness	Soil gravel content
■ Aeolian sandy soil	■ Sandy soil	□ 0-20 cm	□ High (> 3%)	□High	■ Light gravelly soil (1-5%)
□ Calcium chestnut soil	■ Sandy loamy soil	■ 20-50 cm	□ Medium (1-3%)	□ Medium	□ Medium gravelly soil (5-10%)
□ Brown calcium soil	□ Loamy soil	□ 50-100 cm	■ Low (< 1%)	■ Low	□ Gravelly soil (10-30%)
□ Cinnamon soil	□Clay	□ 100-200 cm			□ Light gravel (30-50%)
□ Saline-alkali soil		□ > 200 cm			□ Medium gravel (50-70%)
□ Others:					□ Heavy gravel soil (> 70%)

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3  Vegetation status

Vegetation types	Community coverage	Vegetation degradation status
□ Planted forest: (what kind of community)	□ < 5%	□ Light
□ Sandy vegetation: (what kind of community)	□ 5-15%	■ Moderate
□ Bush: (what kind of community)	■ 15-25%	■ Severe
□ Grassland: (what kind of community)	■ 25-40%	■ Artificial forest with dead treetops
□ Meadow: (what kind of community)	□ > 40%	■ Artificial forest with dead trees
□ Others:

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4  Groundwater status

Average buried depth
□ < 1 m
■ 1-3 m
■ 3-5 m
□ 5-10 m
□ > 10 m

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4.   Technical contents

5  For specific technologies, please fill in the relevant information by selecting the technology category below.

Technological flow	The main points of the technology	Time (season or month)
1. Technical measures: cutting and rejuvenation; introduction of appropriate coniferous and broad-leaved tree species.	cutting and rejuvenation: strength of cutting, stubble height. Species introduction: Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv., Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc., Pinus banksiana Lamb, etc.	Spring, rainy season
2. Land preparation: hole-shaped land preparation.	Planting while digging.	Rainy season
3. Density, configuration, planting pit specifications: afforestation density: trees 2m × 4m afforestation configuration: patchy clumps. Planting pit specifications: tree container seedlings, 30m × 30cm × 40cm.	Afforestation: Patchy clump afforestation. Cutting and rejuvenation: Keep the cutting surface smooth, prevent splitting, do not leave dead stubble. Do not cut only large and thick branches, leaving thin and small branches, otherwise, it will affect the sprouting and drawing the following year.	Silviculture: rainy season flat crop: spring, winter.
4. Seedling requirements: container seedlings 30-50cm	Grade II or higher grade seedlings, free from disease and insect damage, with full top buds of conifers.	Rainy season
5. Planting: Planting while digging.	Remove plastic containers from container seedlings for planting and trample them down.	Rainy season
6. Nurturing management: grazing ban, replanting	The project area is fenced; grazing is prohibited for 3 years.
7. Others

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5.   Technological cost

6   

Labour costs	750~1, 500RMB/ha
Cost of materials	2, 250~3, 000 RMB/ha
Water cost (if irrigation was required)	Rain Fed
Total cost	3, 000 ~4, 500RMB/ha

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6.   Demonstrations

Comparison before and after the technology implementation.

1  Effect of Salix gordejevii Y. L. Chang et Skv.cuttings

(Nanshaliang, 2018)

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2  Introduction of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica to Corethrodendron fruticosum var. mongolicum (Turczaninow) Turczaninow ex Kitagawa forest

(Nanshaliang, 2017)

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3  Introduction of Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.

(Nanshaliang, 2017)

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4  Introduction of Pinus banksiana Lamb.

(Nanshaliang, 2017)

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