1.   Introduction

In the sand area with arid and barren site conditions across the Beijing-Tianjin sandstorm source area, drought-resistant species of Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge were selected, and the technical methods including superior tree selection, clonal test, regional experiment, etc. were adopted to determine the superior species of Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge, so as to improve the ecological environment of the sandy area, increase the income of farmers and herdsmen, and lay an important foundation on ecological environment treatment and sustainable management of non-timber product forests in the sand area. The technology is suitable for the selection and breeding of Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge in the semi-arid sandy area of the Beijing-Tianjin sandstorm source area.

2.   Applicable conditions

2.1   The main use(s) of the technology

□ increase production (crop, fodder, wood/ fibre, water, energy)

■ reduce, prevent, restore land degradation (soil, water, vegetation)

□ conserve ecosystem

□ preserve / improve biodiversity

□ reduce risk of disasters (e.g. droughts, floods, landslides)

■ adapt to climate change / extremes and its impacts (e.g. resilience to droughts, storms)

□ mitigate climate change and its impacts (e.g. through carbon sequestration)

■ create economic benefits (e.g. increase income/ employment opportunities)

■ create social benefits (e.g. reduce conflicts on natural resources, support marginalized groups)

□ other purposes (specify): ……………………………………………………………………………………………

2.2   Types of degraded land to which the technology is applicable

■ Semi-fixed sandy land

□ Shifting sandy land

□ Desertified grassland

□ Saline-alkali grassland

□ Active wind-erosion pit

□ Degraded forestland

■ Desertified cultivated land

□ Other types

2.3   The climatic conditions to which the technology is applicable

Climate zone: temperate semi-arid zone, arid zone, and semi humid zone.

Annual precipitation: 100-950 mm

Annual evaporation: 1200-2400 mm

Annual average temperature: 3-16 ℃

Maximum temperature: 40 ℃

Minimum temperature: - 30 ℃

Annual average wind speed: 2-6 m / s

2.4   The origin of the technology

County, township or climate area, and the given longitude and latitude of the application site of the project.

Heituozi Village, Zhangwu County, Fuxin City, Liaoning Province, 42.38°N and 122.57°E.

Yangqiaopan nursery, Jingbian County, Yulin City, Shaanxi Province, 37.61°N and 109.04°E.

Yitai group LVYE forest and grass industry company, Hangjin Banner, Ordos City, Inner Mongolia, 40.04°N and 108.48°E.

Dongfeng Town, Kailu County, Tongliao City, Inner Mongolia, 43.66°N, 121.56°E.

3.   Site conditions suitable for the technology

1  Topographical conditions

Elevation	Topography	Slope gradient	Slope direction	Slope position
■ < 100 m	■ Flat lands	■ Flat (0-5%)	■ Sunny	■ Up
■ 101-500 m	■ Hillside	■ Gentle (6-15%)	□ Shady	■ Middle
■ 501-1, 000 m	■ Hilly slopes	■ Slope (16-25%)	■ Half-sunny	■ Down
■ 1, 001-1, 500 m	■ Slopes	□ Steep (26-35%)	■ Half-shady
■ 1, 501-2, 000 m	□ Valley floor
□ 2, 001-2, 500 m	□ Sand dunes
□ 2501-3, 000 m	■ Flat sandy land
	■ Cultivated land that slopes gently

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2  Soil condition

Soil types	Soil texture	Effective soil layer thickness	Organic matter content of surface soils	Soil hardness	Soil gravel content
■ Aeolian sandy soil	■ Sandy soil	□ 0-20 cm	■ High (> 3%)	□ High	■ Light gravelly soil (1-5%)
□ Calcium chestnut soil	■ Sandy loamy soil	■ 20-50 cm	■ Medium (1-3%)	■ Medium	■ Medium gravelly soil (5-10%)
□ Brown calcium soil	■ Loamy soil	■ 50-100 cm	■ Low (< 1%)	■ Low	■ Gravelly soil (10-30%)
■ Cinnamon soil	□ Clay	■ 100-200 cm			■ Light gravel (30-50%)
■ Saline-alkali soil		■ > 200 cm			■ Medium gravel (50-70%)
□ Others:					□ Heavy gravel soil (> 70%)

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3  Vegetation status

Vegetation types	Community coverage	Vegetation degradation status
■ Planted forest: (Xanthoceras sorbifolia plantation)	■ < 5%	□ Light
■ Sandy vegetation: (what kind of community)	■ 5-15%	□ Moderate
■ Bush: (what kind of community)	□ 15-25%	□ Severe
□ Grassland: (what kind of community)	□ 25-40%	□ Artificial forest with dead treetops
□ Meadow: (what kind of community)	□ > 40%	□ Artificial forest with dead trees
□Others:

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4  Groundwater status

Average buried depth
□ < 1 m
■ 1-3 m
■ 3-5 m
■ 5-10 m
■ > 10 m

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4.   Technical contents

5  For specific technologies, please fill in the relevant information by selecting the technology category below.

Technological flow	The main points of the technology	Time (season or month)
1. Preliminary selection of superior trees	Among the superior stands of Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge, plants with complete shape, spreading canopy, good growth, more than 5 years old, excellent seed yield and resistance to stress were selected as candidate superior individual plants. Specific requirements: the ratio of good individual plants should not be higher than 5% of the population; the average seed yield per square metre of canopy area in two consecutive years should be above 0.2kg; the kernel rates should be above 40%; the kernel-fruit ratio should be above 55%; the oil content of seed kernels should be above 60%; great resistance and growing healthy and strong.	Autumn of the 1st year and 2nd year
2. Re-selection of superior trees	Continue to investigate the single crown size, kernel rate, kernel-fruit ratio, seed yield, oil content of seed kernel, pests and diseases of the selected superior trees. The trees meet or exceed the minimum selection criteria can be kept for candidates for superior trees, otherwise, eliminate them.	Autumn of the 3rd year
3. The final selection of the superior trees	The selection of the superior trees will continue to be measured, and those that meet or exceed the criteria for selection will be selected as finalists. Classified the superior trees according to their yield and proceed the clonal test.	Autumn of the 4th year
4. Selection of good asexual lines	Seedlings from clonal test of selected superior trees are tested in a randomized group trial design, with plot conditions as uniform as possible; more than 30 samples for each clone test. The test is carried out for 3 consecutive years and compared with the control group. The yield of clonal is calculated by the average yield of fruiting period of three consecutive years, and those that produce 15% more oil per unit area than the control clonal ones or more than two times of the standard deviation of the average of all tested clonal are considered to be superior clonal.	Measured from the third year of the test forest
5. Regional experiment	The clonal varieties can be declared superior varieties only after three or more regional experiment in different geographical climates and soil types and pass the trait evaluation with all the criteria are met.	4 consecutive years of fruiting
6. Mass promotion	Superior varieties are validated and promoted on a large scale in suitable areas.

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5.   Technological cost

There are great differences in different regions, so it is difficult to calculate accurately.

6.   Demonstrations

Comparison before and after the technology implementation

1  Drought resistance and high-yield improved variety of Zhongshi No. 4 (left column) and the control group (right column)

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2  Zhongshi No.9 fast-growing and high-yield improved variety (right column) and the control group (left column)

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