1.   Introduction

The dead, semi-dead and diseased trees were usually selectively felled in the moderately and severely degraded poplar plantations. Thinning stump sprouts to two when they grow up to 30 ~50 cm high. Remove the lateral buds to ensure the upright growth of the main sprouts. When the sprouts grow up to 60~80 cm high, only one is selected and retained according to the plant row spacing of 3 m × 3 m. These branches can grow up to a forest after 2 ~ 3 years. In some cases, clear-cutting was carried out in small blocks or patches. Roots were dug out or cut by moats 2.5 m away from the roots. This technology is suitable for the regeneration and reconstruction of moderately and severely degraded poplar plantations in the hilly and mountainous areas in the northern North China.

2.   Applicable conditions

2.1   The main use(s) of the Technology

√ increase production(crop, fodder, wood/ fibre, water, energy)

√ reduce, prevent, and restore land degradation (soil, water, vegetation)

√ conserve ecosystem

√ preserve/ improve biodiversity

√ reduce risk of disasters (e.g. droughts, floods, landslides)

□ adapt to climate change/ extremes and its impacts (e.g. resilience to droughts, storms)

□ mitigate climate change and its impacts (e.g. through carbon sequestration)

□ create economic benefits (e.g. increase income/ employment opportunities)

□ create social benefits (e.g. reduce conflicts on natural resources, support marginalized groups)

□ other purposes (specify): ……………………………………………………………………………………………

2.2   Types of degraded land to which the technology is applicable

√ Semi-fixed sandy land

√ Shifting sandy land

√ Desertified grassland

□ Saline-alkali grassland

√ Active wind-erosion pit

□ Degraded forestland

√ Desertified cultivated land

□ Other types

2.3   The climatic conditions to which the technology is applicable

1   

Climate zones	Temperate semi-arid zone, temperate sub-humid zone
Average annual precipitation/mm	340-450 mm	Average annual evaporation/mm	1735.7mm
Average annual temperature/℃	-0.3 ~ 9℃	Maximum temperature/℃	32℃
Minimum temperature/℃	-32℃	Average annual wind speed/ m/s	4.3m/s
Note: Precipitation, evaporation, air temperature and wind speed in the table are average values over the 1980-2010 period. The climatic data were obtained from local national weather stations.

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2.4   The origin of the technology

2  Basic information about the demonstration area

Province	County	Township	Climate zones	Longitude	Latitude	Elevation/m
Hebei Province	Zhangbei County	Mantouying Town	Temperate semi-arid continental monsoon climate region	114°35′E	41°15′N	2128

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3.   Site conditions suitable for the technology

3  Topographical conditions

Elevation	Topography	Slope gradient	Slope direction	Slope position
□ < 100 m	□ Flat lands	□ Flat (0-5%)	■ Sunny	□ Up
□ 101-500 m	□ Hillside	■ Gentle (6-15%)	□ Shady	□ Middle
□ 501-1, 000 m	□ Hilly slopes	□ Slope (16-25%)	□ Half-sunny	□ Down
■ 1, 001-1, 500 m	□ Slopes	□ Steep (26-35%)	□ Half-shady
□ 1, 501-2, 000 m	□ Valley floor
□ 2, 001-2, 500 m	■ Sand dunes
□ 2501-3, 000 m	□ Flat sandy land
	□ Cultivated land that slopes gently

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4  Soil condition

Soil types	Soil texture	Effective soil layer thickness	Organic matter content of surface soils	Soil hardness	Soil gravel content
□ Aeolian sandy soil	■ Sandy soil	□ 0-20 cm	□ High (> 3%)	□ High	■ Light gravelly soil (1-5%)
■ Calcium chestnut soil	□ Sandy loamy soil	□ 20-50 cm	□ Medium (1-3%)	■ Medium	□ Medium gravelly soil (5-10%)
□ Brown calcium soil	□ Loamy soil	□ 50-100 cm	■ Low (< 1%)	□ Low	□ Gravelly soil (10-30%)
□ Cinnamon soil	□ Clay	□ 100-200 cm			□ Light gravel (30-50%)
□ Saline-alkali soil		■ > 200 cm			□ Medium gravel (50-70%)
□ Others:					□ Heavy gravel soil (> 70%)

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5  Vegetation status

Vegetation types	Community coverage	Vegetation degradation status
■ Planted forest: (what kind of community)	□ < 5%	□ Light
□ Sandy vegetation: (what kind of community)	□ 5-15%	□ Moderate
□ Bush: (what kind of community)	□ 15-25%	■ Severe
□Grassland: (what kind of community)	□ 25-40%	□ Artificial forest with dead treetops
□Meadow: (what kind of community)	■ > 40%	□ Artificial forest with dead trees
□Others:

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6  Groundwater status

Average buried depth
□ < 1 m
□ 1-3 m
□ 3-5 m
□ 5-10 m
■ > 10 m

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4.   Technical contents

7  For technology specifics, please fill in the relevant information by selecting the technology category below.

Technological flow	The main points of the technology	Season/month of implementation
1. Land preparation	Preparation: After block thinning, the roots were removed or dug trenches 2.5 m away from the roots, paralleled to the stand, 30 cm deep and 40 cm wide, using a tractor. Other requirements: the trench should be deep and straight.	Spring (May)
2. Pruning	None
3. Selective felling	Selective felling was used to dead, semi-dead and diseased wood in moderately and severely degraded poplar plantations. Clear-cutting was applied to some small blocks or patches to promote the growth of stump sprouts and to reestablish an uneven-aged multi-layer plantation.	Early Spring (April)
4. Regeneration and rejuvenation	During June and July in the year of trenching, a large number of stubble sprouts will be produced. When the sprouts grow to 30-50cm high, choose and keep two vigorous and upright sprouts, and erase the rest. Remove the lateral buds of the two sprouts to promote their upright development. When the sprouts grow to 60-80cm, select and keep only the best ones, pruning and earthing, for nursery stock at a spacing of 3 m × 3 m. Replanting Pinus Sylvestris in the position where the stubbles failed to sprout.	Summer (June-August)
5. Stand tending	Build enclosure to protect the sprouts. Mowing, pruning, and earthing regularly during the juvenile period of the sprouts at 3m × 3m spacing.	Spring and summer (April - August)
6. Others
Attached table or Appendix (if there are relevant technical parameters indicators, you can add the information here)

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5.   Technological cost

8   

Labor cost: 6, 300 RMB / ha
Machinery cost : 900 RMB /ha
Material cost: 900 RMB / ha
Water cost (if irrigation was required): 0
Total cost: 8, 100 RMB / ha

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6.   Demonstrations

Stand landscapes comparison before and after technology implementation.

1  Shuiquan Forest farm in Zhangbei County on August 8, 2018

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2  Shuiquan Forest Farm of Zhangbei County on August 8, 2018

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3  Shuiquan Forest Farm, Zhangbei County on August 16, 2018

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