1.   Introduction

In Hunshandak sandy land, a drifting sand land was formed because of the blow desertification. Drifting - sand hazard of wind erosion pit was efficiently addressed by using technologies including sand barrier setting, vegetation construction, artificial seedling afforestation, artificial sowing in rainy season and natural vegetation restoration. According to different parts of wind erosion pit, the fixing technology of sand source of wind erosion pit slope and edge was adopted combined with sand blocking technology of accumulation area in wind erosion pit. Combinations of sand barrier technology, plant sand fixation technology, seedling afforestation + shrub direct seeding, and artificial vegetation + natural vegetation restoration were realized. This "one-two punch" technical measures can control the drifting sandy land of wind erosion pit.

2.   Applicable conditions

2.1   The main use(s) of the technology

■ increase production(crop, fodder, wood/ fibre, water, energy)

■ reduce, prevent, restore land degradation (soil, water, vegetation)

□ conserve ecosystem

■ preserve / improve biodiversity

■ reduce risk of disasters (e.g. droughts, floods, landslides)

□ adapt to climate change/ extremes and its impacts (e.g. resilience to droughts, storms)

□ mitigate climate change and its impacts (e.g. through carbon sequestration)

□ create economic benefits (e.g. increase income/ employment opportunities)

□ create social benefits (e.g. reduce conflicts on natural resources, support marginalized groups)

□ other purposes (specify): ……………………………………………………………………………………………

2.2   Types of degraded land to which the technology is applicable

■ Semi-fixed sandy land

■ Shifting sandy land

□ Desertified grassland

□ Saline-alkali grassland

■ Active wind-erosion pit

□ Degraded forestland

□ Desertified cultivated land

□ Other types

2.3   The climatic conditions to which the technology is applicable

Climate zone: temperate semi-arid zone.

Annual precipitation: 250-400 mm.

Annual evaporation: 1700-2000 mm.

Annual average temperature: 1.5-6.0 ℃.

Maximum temperature: 40 ℃.

Minimum temperature: - 35 ℃.

Annual average wind speed: 2.5-3.5 m / s

2.4   The origin of the technology

Honghuashan Village, Dahekou Township, Duolun County. Location: N42°13'19'', E116°48'20''.

3.   Site conditions suitable for the technology

1  Topographical conditions

Elevation	Topography	Slope gradient	Slope direction	Slope position
□ < 100 m	□ Flat lands	■ Flat (0-5%)	□ Sunny	□ Up
□ 101-500 m	□ Hillside	■ Gentle (6-15%)	□ Shady	□ Middle
■ 501-1, 000 m	□ Hilly slopes	■ Slope (16-25%)	□ Half-sunny	□ Down
■ 1, 001-1, 500 m	□ Slopes	□ Steep (26-35%)	□ Half-shady
■ 1, 501-2, 000 m	□ Valley floor
□ 2, 001-2, 500 m	■ Sand dunes
□ 2501-3, 000 m	■ Flat sandy land
	□ Cultivated land that slopes gently

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2  Soil condition

Soil types	Soil texture	Effective soil layer thickness	Organic matter content of surface soils	Soil hardness	Soil gravel content
■ Aeolian sandy soil	■ Sandy soil	□ 0-20 cm	□ High (> 3%)	□ High	■ Light gravelly soil (1-5%)
□ Calcium chestnut soil	□ Sandy loamy soil	■ 20-50 cm	□ Medium (1-3%)	□ Medium	□ Medium gravelly soil (5-10%)
□ Brown calcium soil	□ Loamy soil	□ 50-100 cm	■ Low (< 1%)	■ Low	□ Gravelly soil (10-30%)
□ Cinnamon soil	□ Clay	□ 100-200 cm			□ Light gravel (30-50%)
□ Saline-alkali soil		□ > 200 cm			□ Medium gravel (50-70%)
□ Others:					□ Heavy gravel soil (> 70%)

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3  Vegetation status

Vegetation types	Community coverage	Vegetation degradation status
□ Planted forests: (what kind of community)	■ < 5%	□ Light
■ Sandy vegetation: (Agriophyllum squarrosum (Linn.) Moq. and Corispermum hyssopifolium L.)	■ 5-15%	□ Moderate
□ Bush: (what kind of community)	□ 15-25%	■ Severe
□Grassland: (what kind of community)	□ 25-40%	□ Artificial forest with dead treetops
□Meadow: (what kind of community)	□ > 40%	□ Artificial forest with dead trees
□Others:

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4  Groundwater status

Average buried depth
□ < 1 m
■ 1-3 m
■ 3-5 m
□ 5-10 m
□ > 10 m

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4.   Technical contents

5  For specific technologies, please fill in the relevant information by selecting the technology category below.

Technological flow	The main points of the technology	Time (season or month)
1. Specific technical measures: engineered sand fixation, artificial seedling planting, and seeding afforestation.	Engineered sand fixation: PE gauze, branches of Salix gordejevii Y. L. Chang et Skv. Afforestation: Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv., Salix gordejevii Y. L. Chang et Skv., Ulmus pumila L., etc. Seeding afforestation: Artemisia desertorum Spreng. Syst. Veg., Corethrodendron fruticosum var. mongolicum (Turczaninow) Turczaninow ex Kitagawa, Agriophyllum squarrosum (Linn.) Moq., Caragana korshinskii Kom.	Spring, rainy season
2. Land preparation: hole-shaped land preparation.	Planting while digging.	Rainy season
3. Density, configuration, planting pit specifications: plantation density: trees 2 m × 4 m, shrubs 1 m × 4 m. plantation configuration: row-belt type, width of 6-10 m. Planting pit specifications: tree container seedlings, 30 cm × 30 cm × 40 cm, bare root seedlings 50 cm × 60 cm × 60 cm. shrubs 40 cm × 40 cm × 60 cm.	Artificial afforestation and revegetation under sand barrier protection. Sand barrier specifications: strip sand barrier with a width of 2-4 m, grid sand barrier 2 m × 2 m, 4 m × 4 m. PE mesh with 20-22 mesh pores, mesh width 60 cm, 6m2 woven per pound of silk. Direct seeding afforestation: Artemisia desertorum Spreng. Syst. Veg.: Corethrodendron fruticosum var. mongolicum (Turczaninow) Turczaninow ex Kitagawa : Agriophyllum squarrosum (Linn.) Moq. ratio is 4:2:2	Spring, rainy season
4. Seedling requirements: height of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv. container seedlings 30-50 cm, length of Salix gordejevii Y. L. Chang et Skv. cuttings 50-65 cm with diameter 1.0-1.5 cm. Bare root seedlings of trees 2-3 cm in diameter.	Grade II or above seedlings, free from disease and insect damage, with full top buds of conifers. Seedlings stay hydrated throughout.
5. Planting: Planting while digging.	Remove plastic containers from container seedlings and trample them down. Salix gordejevii Y. L. Chang et Skv. cuttings are planted deeply and trampled and the cuttings are soaked in water for 24-48 h.	Spring, rainy season.
6. Nurturing management: grazing ban, replanting	Fencing of the project area.	3 year grazing ban.
7. Others

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5.   Technological cost

6   

Labour costs	2, 250~3, 000RMB/ha
Machinery costs	6, 000~9, 000RMB/ha
Cost of materials	5, 000 RMB/ha
Water cost (if irrigation was required)	Rain Fed
Total cost	8, 250 ~12, 000RMB/ha

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6.   Demonstrations

Comparison before and after the technology implementation

1  Comparison before and after treatment

(Honghuashan Village, Duolun, 2017-2019)

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2  Comparison pictures of before and after treatment

(Duolun honghuashan village, 2018-2019)

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3  Comparison picture of before and after treatment

(Honghuashan village, Duolun, 2017-2019)

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4  Comparison before and after treatment

(Honghuashan Village, Duolun, 2017-2019)

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