1.   Introduction

According to the characteristics of superior ecological adaptability and strong natural regeneration ability of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica, container seedlings of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica are used to build artificial sand fixation forest under suitable natural conditions to improve the productivity of sandy land.

2.   Applicable conditions

2.1   The main use(s) of the technology

√ increase production(crop, fodder, wood/ fibre, water, energy)

√ reduce, prevent, restore land degradation (soil, water, vegetation)

□ conserve ecosystem

√ preserve / improve biodiversity

√ reduce risk of disasters (e.g. droughts, floods, landslides)

□ adapt to climate change/ extremes and its impacts (e.g. resilience to droughts, storms)

□ mitigate climate change and its impacts (e.g. through carbon sequestration)

□ create economic benefits (e.g. increase income/ employment opportunities)

□ create social benefits (e.g. reduce conflicts on natural resources, support marginalized groups)

□ other purposes (specify): ……………………………………………………………………………………………

2.2   Types of degraded land to which the technology is applicable

√ Semi-fixed sandy land

√ Shifting sandy land

√ Desertified grassland

□ Saline-alkali grassland

√ Active wind-erosion pit

√ Degraded forestland

√ Desertified cultivated land

□ Other types

2.3   The climatic conditions to which the technology is applicable

Climate zone: temperate semi-arid zone

Annual precipitation: 250-400 mm.

Annual evaporation: 1700-2000 mm.

Annual average temperature: 1.5~6.0 ℃.

Maximum temperature: 40 ℃.

Minimum temperature: - 35 ℃

Annual average wind speed: 2.5~3.5 m / s

2.4   The origin of the technology

Nanshaliang Forest Farm in Duolun County located at N42 ° 08 ′, E116 ° 29 ′

3.   Site conditions suitable for the technology

1  Topographical conditions

Elevation	Topography	Slope gradient	Slope direction	Slope position
□ < 100 m	■ Flat lands	■ Flat (0-5%)	□ Sunny	□ Up
□ 101-500 m	□ Hillside	■ Gentle (6-15%)	□ Shady	□ Middle
■ 501-1, 000 m	□ Hilly slopes	□ Slope (16-25%)	□ Half-sunny	□ Down
■ 1, 001-1, 500 m	□ Slopes	□ Steep (26-35%)	□ Half-shady
■ 1, 501-2, 000 m	□ Valley floor
□ 2, 001-2, 500 m	■ Sand dunes
□ 2501-3, 000 m	■ Flat sandy land
	□ Cultivated land that slopes gently

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2  Soil condition

Soil types	Soil texture	Effective soil layer thickness	Organic matter content of surface soils	Soil hardness	Soil gravel content
■ Aeolian sandy soil	■ Sandy soil	□ 0-20 cm	□ High (> 3%)	□ High	■ Light gravelly soil (1-5%)
□ Calcium chestnut soil	■ Sandy loamy soil	■ 20-50 cm	□ Medium (1-3%)	□ Medium	□ Medium gravelly soil (5-10%)
□ Brown calcium soil	□ Loamy soil	□ 50-100 cm	■ Low (< 1%)	■ Low	□ Gravelly soil (10-30%)
□ Cinnamon soil	□ Clay	□ 100-200 cm			□ Light gravel (30-50%)
□ Saline-alkali soil		□ > 200 cm			□ Medium gravel (50-70%)
□ Others:					□ Heavy gravel soil(> 70%)

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3  Vegetation status

Vegetation types	Community coverage	Vegetation degradation status
□ Planted forest: (Yangchai, Huangliu)	■ < 5%	□ Light
□ Sandy vegetation: (what kind of community)	■ 5-15%	■ Moderate
□ Bush: (what kind of community)	■ 15-25%	■ Severe
□Grassland: (what kind of community)	■ 25-40%	■ Artificial forest with dead treetops
□Meadow: (what kind of community)	□ > 40%	■ Artificial forest with dead trees
□Others:

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4  Groundwater status

Average buried depth
□ < 1 m
■ 1-3 m
■ 3-5 m
□ 5-10 m
□ > 10 m

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4.   Technical contents

5  For specific technologies, please fill in the relevant information by selecting the technology category below.

Technological flow	The main points of the technology	Time (season or month)
1. Specific technical measures for artificial afforestation and engineered sand fixation.	In mobile sandy areas it is necessary to set up sand barriers followed by afforestation.	Spring, rainy season
2. Land preparation : trenching plough mechanical land preparation. trenching plough mechanical land preparation in the predetermined row spacing, its specification is trenching plough with upper mouth width 80cm, furrow depth 40~50cm, and bottom width 25-30cm.	Afforestation with land preparation. Forestation of mobile sandy areas without land preparation.	Rainy season
3. Density, configuration, planting pit specifics: Afforestation density: 2m × 4m, or 3m × 4m. Afforestation configuration: stripes with a width of 6-10m. Planting pit specifications: 30m × 30cm × 40cm.	Sand barriers are necessary for afforestation in mobile sandy areas.	Rainy season
4. Seedling requirements: container seedlings of 50-80cm height with complete crowns.	Healthy seedlings with full top buds.	Rainy season
5. Planting: ditch preparation with trenching plough and dig planting pits, with digging pits as planting.	Plant while digging pits. Water the nutrient cups 3-4 d before planting, transport them to the planting site, then remove the container bags and carefully place the seedlings in the planting pit, keeping the soil pile intact. Straighten the seedlings, backfill with wet soil to the root neck and tread firmly.	Rainy season
6. Nurture management: grazing ban, nurturing, grass pruning in forests	After forestry, young growth should be fully prohibited, fencing or guarded. Unqualified plantations should be replanted at any time until they are qualified. It is advisable to use healthy seedlings of the same age as the original planting for replanting.	No grazing for 3-5 years
7. Others

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5.   Technological cost

6   

Labor cost: 3, 000~4, 500 RMB / ha
Material cost: 6, 000~9, 000 RMB / ha
Water cost (if irrigation was required): Rain fed
Total cost: 9, 000~13, 500 RMB / ha

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6.   Demonstrations

Stands landscapes comparison before and after technology implementation

1  Pinus sylvestris var. mongholica Litv. plantation in sandy land

(Nanshaliang Forest Farm, Duolun, 2019)

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2  Mongolian Scotch Pine Plantation in sandy land

(Nanshaliang Forest Farm, Duolun, 2019)

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3  Pinus sylvestris var. mongholica Litv. plantation in sandy land

(Nanshaliang Forest Farm, Duolun, 2018)

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