Replanting and regeneration technology of severe degradation Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantation in Horqin sandy land
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图 1 A stand landscape before replanting and regeneration of severely degraded Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantation (2013)
(Houtuozi experimental area, Zhanggutai Town, Zhangwu County, Liaoning Province, 122°31'32"E, 42°45'07"N
图 2 stris var. mongolica plantation after replanting and regeneration (2018) (Houtuozi experimental area, Zhanggutai Town, Zhangwu County, Liaoning Province, 122°31'32"E, 42°45'07"N)
图 3 Stand landscape after replanting and regeneration of severely degraded Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantation (2020) (Houtuozi experimental area, Zhanggutai Town, Zhangwu County, Liaoning Province, 122°31'32″E, 42°45'07″N)
表 1
Climate zones Temperate semi-arid zone, temperate sub-humid zone Average annual precipitation/mm 350-650mm Average annual evaporation/mm 1000-1800mm Average annual temperature/℃ 5 ~ 9℃ Maximum temperature/℃ 40℃ Minimum temperature/℃ -40℃ Average annual wind speed/ m/s 2~4 m/s Note: Precipitation, evaporation, air temperature and wind speed in the table are average values over the 1980-2010 period. The climatic data were obtained from local national weather stations. 
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表 2 Basic information of the demonstration area
Province County Township Climate zones Longitude Latitude Elevation/m Liaoning Province Zhanwu County Zhanggutai Town Temperate sub-humid zone 122°31'32″E 42°45'07"N 231
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表 3 Topographical conditions
Elevation Topography Slope gradient Slope direction Slope position □ < 100 m □ Flat lands □ Flat (0-5%) □ Sunny □ Up ■ 101-500 m □ Hillside □ Gentle (6-15%) □ Shady □ Middle ■ 501-1, 000 m □ Hilly slopes □ Slope (16-25%) □ Half-sunny □ Down ■ 1, 001-1, 500 m □ Slopes □ Steep (26-35%) □ Half-shady □ 1, 501-2, 000 m □ Valley floor □ 2, 001-2, 500 m ■ Sand dunes □ 2501-3, 000 m ■ Flat sandy land □ Cultivated land that slopes gently
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表 4 Soil condition
Soil types Soil texture Effective soil layer thickness Organic matter content of surface soils Soil hardness Soil gravel content ■ Aeolian sandy soil ■ Sandy soil □ 0-20 cm □ High (> 3%) □High ■ Light gravelly soil (1-5%) □ Calcium chestnut soil ■ Sandy loamy soil ■ 20-50 cm □ Medium (1-3%) □ Medium □ Medium gravelly soil (5-10%) □ Brown calcium soil □ Loamy soil ■ 50-100 cm ■ Low (< 1%) ■ Low □ Gravelly soil (10-30%) □ Cinnamon soil □ Clay ■ 100-200 cm □ Light gravel (30-50%) □ Saline-alkali soil □ > 200 cm □ Medium gravel (50-70%) □ Others: □ Heavy gravel soil (> 70%)
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表 5 Vegetation status
Vegetation type Community coverage Vegetation degradation status ■ Planted forest: (Pinus sylvestris Plantation) □ < 5% □ Light □ Sandy vegetation: (what kind of community) □ 5-15% □ Moderate □ Bush: (what kind of community) ■ 15-25% ■ Severe □Grassland: (what kind of community) ■ 25-40% ■ Artificial forest with dead treetops □Meadow: (what kind of community) □ > 40% ■ Artificial forest with dead trees □Others:
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表 7 For specific technologies, please fill in the relevant information by selecting the technology category below.
Technology steps Technology Essentials Season/month of implementation 1. Sanitation cutting Proportion of felling: > 30%.
Method of operation: manual, mechanical.
Thinning method: Cutting dead and dying wood.Winter 2. Pruning Pruning of retained trees.
Pruning intensity: crown height ratio 1:3 to 1:4.
Pruning cycle: 5 to 10 years.Winter 3. Soil preparation Preparation method: ditching preparation or hole preparation, mainly hole preparation.
Requirements for preparation: 40cm long × 40cm wide × 40~50cm deep for hole preparation; 30~40cm deep for ditching preparation.Spring 4. Replanting and regeneration Seedling species: coniferous trees are Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. var. zhangwuensis Zhang, Li et Yuan var. nov., Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica, Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc., Pinus syluestriformis (Takenouchi)T.Wang ex Cheng, Pinus banksiana Lamb, etc.; broad-leaved trees are Acer truncatum Bunge, Populus alba × P. Berolinensis, etc.
Seedling specifications: coniferous trees are 3-5 year old container seedlings with a height of more than 30 cm; broad-leaved trees are 2-year old container seedlings or bare-root seedlings with a height of more than 30 cm.
Species configuration: conifer- conifer mixed, conifer-broad mixed.
Spacing: 2 m × 3 m, 2 m × 4 m, 3 m × 3 m, 3 m × 4 m.
Planting pit specifications: 40 cm × 40 cm × 40cm for coniferous trees; 40 cm × 40 cm × 50 cm for broad-leaved trees.
Watering: watering once is required for spring planting, and consequent watering depends on the drought conditions.
Other requirements: coniferous trees such as Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. var. zhangwuensis Zhang, Li et Yuan var. nov., Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica, Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc., Pinus syluestriformis (Takenouchi)T.Wang ex Cheng, Pinus banksiana Lamb should be planted at a density of less than 1600 plants per hm-2; broad-leaved trees such as Acer truncatum Bunge and Populus alba × P. Berolinensis should be planted with a density of 1500-1800 plants per hm-2.Spring, July to August in rainy season 5. Maintenance and management Enclosures. 6. Others Schedules or annexes (if there are relevant technical parameters indicators, you can add the schedule or annex information here)
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表 8
Labour costs 1, 000RMB/ha Machinery costs 2, 000RMB/ha Cost of materials 5, 000 RMB/ha Water cost (if irrigation was required) 1, 000 RMB/ha Total cost 9, 000 RMB/ha
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