1.   Introduction

Based on the principle of intermediate felling, the plots that were not suitable for afforestation were naturally restored in the severely degraded Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica stand, and the plots suitable for afforestation were replanted with suitable coniferous and broad-leaved trees species. After replanting and regeneration of severely degraded stands, the health status of residual trees improved, the growth recovered, and the soil moisture content, soil nutrient content and enzyme activity increased significantly. Newly planted trees and residual trees can form uneven aged mixed forests. The technology is suitable for the restoration of severely degraded Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantation in Horqin sandy land.

2.   Applicable conditions

2.1   The main use(s) of the technology

□ increase production (crop, fodder, wood/ fibre, water, energy)

■ reduce, prevent, restore land degradation (soil, water, vegetation)

□ conserve ecosystem

■ preserve/ improve biodiversity

■ reduce risk of disasters (e.g. droughts, floods, landslides)

□ adapt to climate change/ extremes and its impacts (e.g. resilience to droughts, storms)

■ mitigate climate change and its impacts (e.g. through carbon sequestration)

□ create economic benefits (e.g. increase income/ employment opportunities)

□ create social benefits (e.g. reduce conflicts on natural resources, support marginalized groups)

□ other purposes (specify): ……………………………………………………………………………………………

2.2   Types of degraded land to which the technology is applicable

□ Semi-fixed sandy land

□ Shifting sandy land

□ Desertified grassland

□ Saline-alkali grassland

□ Active wind-erosion pit

■ Degraded forestland

□ Desertified cultivated land

□ Other types

2.3   The climatic conditions to which the technology is applicable

1   

Climate zones	Temperate semi-arid zone, temperate sub-humid zone
Average annual precipitation/mm	350-650mm	Average annual evaporation/mm	1000-1800mm
Average annual temperature/℃	5 ~ 9℃	Maximum temperature/℃	40℃
Minimum temperature/℃	-40℃	Average annual wind speed/ m/s	2~4 m/s
Note: Precipitation, evaporation, air temperature and wind speed in the table are average values over the 1980-2010 period. The climatic data were obtained from local national weather stations.

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2.4   The origin of the technology

2  Basic information of the demonstration area

Province	County	Township	Climate zones	Longitude	Latitude	Elevation/m
Liaoning Province	Zhanwu County	Zhanggutai Town	Temperate sub-humid zone	122°31'32″E	42°45'07"N	231

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3.   Site conditions suitable for the technology

3  Topographical conditions

Elevation	Topography	Slope gradient	Slope direction	Slope position
□ < 100 m	□ Flat lands	□ Flat (0-5%)	□ Sunny	□ Up
■ 101-500 m	□ Hillside	□ Gentle (6-15%)	□ Shady	□ Middle
■ 501-1, 000 m	□ Hilly slopes	□ Slope (16-25%)	□ Half-sunny	□ Down
■ 1, 001-1, 500 m	□ Slopes	□ Steep (26-35%)	□ Half-shady
□ 1, 501-2, 000 m	□ Valley floor
□ 2, 001-2, 500 m	■ Sand dunes
□ 2501-3, 000 m	■ Flat sandy land
	□ Cultivated land that slopes gently

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4  Soil condition

Soil types	Soil texture	Effective soil layer thickness	Organic matter content of surface soils	Soil hardness	Soil gravel content
■ Aeolian sandy soil	■ Sandy soil	□ 0-20 cm	□ High (> 3%)	□High	■ Light gravelly soil (1-5%)
□ Calcium chestnut soil	■ Sandy loamy soil	■ 20-50 cm	□ Medium (1-3%)	□ Medium	□ Medium gravelly soil (5-10%)
□ Brown calcium soil	□ Loamy soil	■ 50-100 cm	■ Low (< 1%)	■ Low	□ Gravelly soil (10-30%)
□ Cinnamon soil	□ Clay	■ 100-200 cm			□ Light gravel (30-50%)
□ Saline-alkali soil		□ > 200 cm			□ Medium gravel (50-70%)
□ Others:					□ Heavy gravel soil (> 70%)

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5  Vegetation status

Vegetation type	Community coverage	Vegetation degradation status
■ Planted forest: (Pinus sylvestris Plantation)	□ < 5%	□ Light
□ Sandy vegetation: (what kind of community)	□ 5-15%	□ Moderate
□ Bush: (what kind of community)	■ 15-25%	■ Severe
□Grassland: (what kind of community)	■ 25-40%	■ Artificial forest with dead treetops
□Meadow: (what kind of community)	□ > 40%	■ Artificial forest with dead trees
□Others:

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6  Groundwater status

Average buried depth
□ < 1 m
□ 1-3 m
■ 3-5 m
■ 5-10 m
■ > 10 m

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4.   Technical contents

7  For specific technologies, please fill in the relevant information by selecting the technology category below.

Technology steps	Technology Essentials	Season/month of implementation
1. Sanitation cutting	Proportion of felling: > 30%. Method of operation: manual, mechanical. Thinning method: Cutting dead and dying wood.	Winter
2. Pruning	Pruning of retained trees. Pruning intensity: crown height ratio 1:3 to 1:4. Pruning cycle: 5 to 10 years.	Winter
3. Soil preparation	Preparation method: ditching preparation or hole preparation, mainly hole preparation. Requirements for preparation: 40cm long × 40cm wide × 40~50cm deep for hole preparation; 30~40cm deep for ditching preparation.	Spring
4. Replanting and regeneration	Seedling species: coniferous trees are Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. var. zhangwuensis Zhang, Li et Yuan var. nov., Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica, Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc., Pinus syluestriformis (Takenouchi)T.Wang ex Cheng, Pinus banksiana Lamb, etc.; broad-leaved trees are Acer truncatum Bunge, Populus alba × P. Berolinensis, etc. Seedling specifications: coniferous trees are 3-5 year old container seedlings with a height of more than 30 cm; broad-leaved trees are 2-year old container seedlings or bare-root seedlings with a height of more than 30 cm. Species configuration: conifer- conifer mixed, conifer-broad mixed. Spacing: 2 m × 3 m, 2 m × 4 m, 3 m × 3 m, 3 m × 4 m. Planting pit specifications: 40 cm × 40 cm × 40cm for coniferous trees; 40 cm × 40 cm × 50 cm for broad-leaved trees. Watering: watering once is required for spring planting, and consequent watering depends on the drought conditions. Other requirements: coniferous trees such as Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. var. zhangwuensis Zhang, Li et Yuan var. nov., Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica, Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc., Pinus syluestriformis (Takenouchi)T.Wang ex Cheng, Pinus banksiana Lamb should be planted at a density of less than 1600 plants per hm-2; broad-leaved trees such as Acer truncatum Bunge and Populus alba × P. Berolinensis should be planted with a density of 1500-1800 plants per hm-2.	Spring, July to August in rainy season
5. Maintenance and management	Enclosures.
6. Others
Schedules or annexes (if there are relevant technical parameters indicators, you can add the schedule or annex information here)

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5.   Technological cost

8   

Labour costs	1, 000RMB/ha
Machinery costs	2, 000RMB/ha
Cost of materials	5, 000 RMB/ha
Water cost (if irrigation was required)	1, 000 RMB/ha
Total cost	9, 000 RMB/ha

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6.   Demonstrations

Comparison before and after the technology implementation.

1  A stand landscape before replanting and regeneration of severely degraded Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantation (2013)

(Houtuozi experimental area, Zhanggutai Town, Zhangwu County, Liaoning Province, 122°31'32"E, 42°45'07"N

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2  stris var. mongolica plantation after replanting and regeneration (2018) (Houtuozi experimental area, Zhanggutai Town, Zhangwu County, Liaoning Province, 122°31'32"E, 42°45'07"N)

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3  Stand landscape after replanting and regeneration of severely degraded Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantation (2020) (Houtuozi experimental area, Zhanggutai Town, Zhangwu County, Liaoning Province, 122°31'32″E, 42°45'07″N)

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