1.   Introduction

In Horqin sandy land, aiming at the slightly and moderately degraded Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv plantations, the methods of mechanical thinning and crops intercropping were adopted to promote the restoration of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv plantation. Crops (peanuts, black beans, etc.) were planted in the cutting stripe, with a width of about 9m. These methods resulted in an income increasement of 1500 ~ 4500 RMB per hectare per year. Complex management technology can improve the nutrient and water content of forest soil, promote the growth of trees, maintain the health of forest stand and improve the productivity of forest. The technology is suitable for the restoration of slightly and moderately degraded Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv plantations in Horqin sandy land.

2.   Applicable conditions

2.1   The main use(s) of the technology

■ increase production (crop, fodder, wood / fibre, water, energy)

□ reduce, prevent, restore land degradation (soil, water, vegetation)

■ conserve ecosystem

■ preserve/ improve biodiversity

□ reduce risk of disasters (e.g. droughts, floods, landslides)

□ adapt to climate change/ extremes and its impacts (e.g. resilience to droughts, storms)

□ mitigate climate change and its impacts (e.g. through carbon sequestration)

■ create economic benefits (e.g. increase income/ employment opportunities)

□ create social benefits (e.g. reduce conflicts on natural resources, support marginalized groups)

□ other purposes (specify): ……………………………………………………………………………………………

2.2   Types of degraded land to which the technology is applicable

□ Semi-fixed sandy land

□ Shifting sandy land

□ Desertified grassland

□ Saline-alkali grassland

□ Active wind-erosion pit

■ Degraded forestland

□ Desertified cultivated land

□ Other types

2.3   The climatic conditions to which the technology is applicable

1   

Climate zones	Temperate semi-arid zone, temperate sub-humid zone
Average annual precipitation/mm	350-650mm	Average annual evaporation/mm	1000-1800mm
Average annual temperature/℃	5 to 9℃	Maximum temperature/℃	40℃
Minimum temperature/℃	-40℃	Average annual wind speed/m/s	2~4 m/s
Note: Precipitation, evaporation, air temperature and wind speed in the table are average values over the 1980-2010 period. The climatic data were obtained from local national weather stations.

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2.4   The origin of the technology

2  Basic information of the demonstration area

Province	County	Township	Climate zones	Longitude	Latitude	Elevation/m
Liaoning Province	Zhanwu County	Zhanggutai Town	Temperate sub-humid zone	122°33'22″E	42°41'17"N	203

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3.   Site conditions suitable for the technology

3  Topographical conditions

Elevation	Topography	Slope gradient	Slope direction	Slope position
□ < 100 m	□ Flat lands	□ Flat (0-5%)	□ Sunny	□ Up
■ 101-500 m	□ Hillside	□ Gentle (6-15%)	□ Shady	□ Middle
■ 501-1, 000 m	□ Hilly slopes	□ Slope (16-25%)	□ Half-sunny	□ Down
■ 1, 001-1, 500 m	□ Slopes	□ Steep (26-35%)	□ Half-shady
□ 1, 501-2, 000 m	□ Valley floor
□ 2, 001-2, 500 m	■ Sand dunes
□ 2501-3, 000 m	■ Flat sandy land
	□ Cultivated land that slopes gently

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4  Soil condition

Soil types	Soil texture	Effective soil layer thickness	Organic matter content of surface soils	Soil hardness	Soil gravel content
■ Aeolian sandy soil	■ Sandy soil	□ 0-20 cm	□ High (> 3%)	□High	■ Light gravelly soil (1-5%)
□ Calcium chestnut soil	■ Sandy loamy soil	■ 20-50 cm	□ Medium (1-3%)	□ Medium	□ Medium gravelly soil (5-10%)
□ Brown calcium soil	□ Loamy soil	■ 50-100 cm	■ Low (< 1%)	■ Low	□ Gravelly soil (10-30%)
□ Cinnamon soil	□Clay	■ 100-200 cm			□ Light gravel (30-50%)
□ Saline-alkali soil		■ > 200 cm			□ Medium gravel (50-70%)
□ Others:					□ Heavy gravel soil (> 70%)

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5  Vegetation status

Vegetation types	Community coverage	Vegetation degradation status
■ Planted forest: (Pinus sylvestris Plantation)	□ < 5%	■ Light
□ Sandy vegetation: (what kind of community)	□ 5-15%	■ Moderate
□ Bush: (what kind of community)	□ 15-25%	□ Severe
□ Grassland: (what kind of community)	□ 25-40%	■ Artificial forest with dead treetops
□ Meadow: (what kind of community)	■ > 40%	□ Artificial forest with dead trees
□ Others:

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6  Groundwater status

Average buried depth
□ < 1 m
□ 1-3 m
■ 3-5 m
■ 5-10 m
■ > 10 m

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4.   Technical contents

7  For specific technologies, please fill in the relevant technical information by selecting the technology category below.

Technological flow	The main points of the technology	Season / month of implementation
1. Selective felling	Proportion of thinning: 20% to 60%. Methods of operation: manual and mechanical. Interfelling method: Strip interfelling in rows with a width of about 9m. Other requirements: remove dying wood and dead wood from the reserved rows.	Winter
2. Pruning	Pruning of retained trees. Pruning intensity: crown height ratio 1:3 to 1:4. Pruning cycle: 5 to 10 years.	Winter
3. Land preparation	Preparation method: full preparation of the ground. Preparation requirement: 20-30cm depth.	Spring
4. Complex management	Crops: peanuts, black beans, etc. Configuration: Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv. + crop compound. Planting methods: crops are planted according to conventional methods. Fertilization: depending on the needs of the crops, organic fertilizer is the mainstay. Watering: frequency and timing of irrigation depending on drought conditions.	Spring, growing season
5. Nurturing management	Enclosures.	Year-round
Schedules or annexes (if there are relevant technical parameters indicators, you can add the schedule or annex information here)

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5.   Technological cost

8   

Labour costs	1, 000 RMB/ha
Machinery costs	1, 000 RMB/ha
Cost of materials	3, 000 RMB/ha
Water cost (if irrigation was required)	1, 000 RMB/ha
Total cost	6, 000 RMB/ha

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6.   Demonstrations

Comparison before and after the technology implementation

1  A lightly degraded Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv. stand before the complex management (2014)

(Sanjiazi Experimental Area, Zhanggutai Town, Changwu County, Liaoning Province, 122°33′22″, 42°41′17″)

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2  A stand landscape of lightly degraded Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv. after the complex management (2016, Glycine max.)

(Sanjiazi Experimental Area, Zhanggutai Town, Changwu County, Liaoning Province, 122°33′22″, 42°41′17″)

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