1.   Technical profile

Biodegradable Polylactic Acid (PLA) materials can fully degrade under natural conditions. Using bag-shaped PLA materials to fill sand forms the basic body of the sand barrier. The sand barrier made of sandbags with strip or grid designs on the surface of sand dunes can reduce the wind speed near the ground and the amount of sand transport, while also improving the resistance to erosion of the barrier body and maintaining the long-term stability of the wind-eroded concave surface between the barriers (the barrier body can be maintained on-site for 8-10 years). It can also eliminate the chemical residue and secondary pollution brought by petroleum-based sand barrier materials. Using PLA sand barriers in combination with biological sand fixation techniques for afforestation can better utilize the good windbreak and sand fixation effects of the flat-type sand fixation barriers.

2.   Technical applicable conditions

2.1   Main use

  Give a few answers, and choose up to five

√ Improve vegetation biomass
√ Reduce, prevent, and restore degraded land
 Improve or protect the soil
 Protect or restore ecosystems
√ To maintain / enhance biodiversity
√ Reduce the risk of disasters (e. g. drought, droughts, floods, sandstorms, etc.)
 Adaptation to climate change and its effects (e. g., enhanced resilience to drought and warming)
 Mitigating climate change and its impacts (e. g. increased carbon sink capacity)
 Generating economic benefits (e. g. increased income)
 Generating social benefits (e. g. reducing the consumption of natural resources and reducing poverty)
 Other uses (detailed description): …………………………………………………………………

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2.2   Type of degraded land applicable to the technology

   

Main type of degradation	Sub type of degradation
√ [W] Soil erosion by water	[Wt] Loss of topsoil/surface erosion [Wg] Gully erosion/gullying [Wr] Riverbank erosion
√ [E] Soil erosion by wind	[Et] Loss of topsoil
 [C] Chemical soil deterioration
 [P] Physical soil deterioration
√ [B] Biological degradation	[Bc] Reduction of vegetation cover [Bq] Quantity/biomass decline [Bs] Quality and species composition/diversity decline [Bl] Loss of soil life
 [H] Water degradation
 Else

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2.3   Climate conditions applicable to the technology

   

Climatic province	Temperate semi-arid region climate
Specific annual precipitation /mm	250-400
Average annual precipitation /mm		Average air temperature /℃
 < 50		 < -20
√ 50- 200		√ -20- 5
√ 200- 400		√ 5- 15
 400- 800		√ 15- 25
 800- 1,500		√ 25- 35
 > 1,500		 35- 45
		 > 45

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2.4   Technical mode of origin

  Country, county/flag, township, and give the longitude and latitude of the application location of the project

Country	County/flag	Township	Longitude°	Latitude°	Elevation / m
China	Duolun County	Naole Town	116.483333	42.133333	1066.0

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3.   Site conditions where the technology applies

  Terrain and landform conditions

Elevation	Landform	Mean inclination	Aspect	Slope
 < 100 m	 Flatland	√ Flat slope (0-5%)	 Sunny slope	 Upper slope
 100-500 m	 Slope	√ Gentle slope (6-15%)	 Shady slope	 Mid slope
√ 500-1,000 m	 Hilly slope	 Moderate slope (16-25%)	 Semi-sunny slope	 Lower slope
√ 1,000-1,500 m	 Sloping ground	 Steep slope (26-35%)	 Semi-shady slope
√ 1,500-2,000 m	 Valley floor
 2,000-2,500 m	√ Sand dune
 2500-3,000 m	√ Sandy flat
 > 3000 m	 Gentle cultivated land

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  Edaphic condition

Soil type	Soil texture	Effective soil depth	Topsoil organic matter content	Soil hardness	Stone content
√ Aeolian soil	√ Sandy	 0-20 cm	 High (> 3%)	 High	√ Low gravel content soil (1-5%)
 Chestnut Calcic soil	 Loamy sand	√ 20-50 cm	 Medium (1-3%)	 Medium	 Moderate gravel content soil (5-10%)
 Brown Calcic soil	 Loam	 50-100 cm	√ Low (< 1%)	√ Low	 High gravel content soil (10-30%)
 Luvisol	 Clay	 100-200 cm			 Light gravel soil (30-50%)
 Saline-alkali soil		 > 200 cm			 Moderate gravel soil (50-70%)
 Else:					Heavy gravel soil (> 70%)

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  Vegetation condition

Vegetation type	Community cover	Degradation status
 Artificial forest: ()	√ < 5%	 Slight degradation
√ Sand vegetation: (Agriophyllum squarrosum, Corispermum hyssopifolium)	√ 5-15%	 Moderate degradation
 Shrub land: ()	 15-25%	√ Severe degradation
 Grassland: ()	 25-40%	 Dry shoots phenomenon in artificial forest
 Meadow: ()	 > 40%	 Mortality phenomenon in artificial forest
 Others: (cultivated land)

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  Groundwater condition

Average buried depth
 < 1 m	√ 3-5 m	 > 10 m
√ 1-3 m	 5-10 m

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4.   Technical content

  Please select and fill in the relevant technical information according to the following technical classifications for specific technologies.

Technical link	Key technical points	Implementation season / month
1. Specific technical measures: Engineering sand fixation, artificial seedling planting, sowing for afforestation.	Engineering sand fixation: Material PLA. Afforestation by planting seedlings: Chinese red pine, Chinese desert willow, elm, etc. Sowing for afforestation: Sea wormwood, poplar, sand rice.	Spring, rainy season
2. Land preparation methods: Pitted land preparation.	Dig pits and afforest immediately.	Rainy season
3. Density, configuration, and planting pit specifications: Afforestation density: Arbor 2m × 4m, shrub 1m × 4m. Afforestation configuration: Belt type, belt width 6-10m. Planting pit specifications: Arbor container seedlings, 30cm × 30cm × 40cm; Bare-root seedlings, 50cm × 60cm × 60cm.	Artificial afforestation and vegetation restoration under sand barriers. Specifications for sand barriers: Band-type sand barrier with a width of 2-4m, grid-type sand barrier with a size of 2m × 2m. Sowing for afforestation: The ratio for sea wormwood, poplar, and sand rice is 4:2:4, with 0.5kg of seeds per acre.	Spring, rainy season
4. Seedling requirements: Container seedlings of Chinese red pine 30-50cm, bare-root seedlings of arbor with a ground diameter of 2-3cm.	Seedlings of grade two or above, free from diseases and pests, with full apical buds for coniferous trees. Seedlings are treated with full moisture preservation throughout the process.	Pits for planting the seedlings are dug
5. Planting: Dig pits and afforest immediately.	For container seedlings in afforestation, remove the plastic containers and compact the soil.	Spring, rainy season
6. Maintenance: Prohibit grazing, replant.	Set up fences in the project area.	Grazing prohibition for 3 years
Schedule or attachment (with relevant technical parameters, add schedule or attachment information here)

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5.   Technical costs

   

Labour cost	450-670 USD / ha
Cost of material	1100-2000 USD / ha
Water cost (if irrigation is required)	Rain-fed
Total cost	1550-2670 USD / ha

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6.   Technical effectiveness images

Comparison before and after technical implementation

From the treatment effect, forest growth, stand health, ecological benefits of the comparison, 2-4 photos, please indicate the author of the picture, place, time or before and after the treatment.

Photos before technical implementation

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Photo taken on 2013, Nan Sha Liang Forest Farm, Duolun County

Photos after technical implementation

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(Left: 2016. Right: 2019, Nan Sha Liang Forest Farm, Duolun County)