1.   Introduction

In the sandy area with different site conditions of Beijing-Tianjin sandstorm source area, large- scale cultivation was conducted with the optimum cultivating density and the application of simplified cultivate mode of "high-yield improved varieties + excellent rootstocks + pollinated varieties" of Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge. Besides facilitating the management of sandy region, the Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge has produced 1.5 ~ 3 times higher yield than that of local traditional kind, solving the problem of "one thousand flowers bearing one single fruit". The technology provides an important technical support to sustainable management of ecological environment in sandy areas. The technology is suitable for the cultivation of Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge in the semi-arid sand area of the Beijing-Tianjin sandstorm source area.

2.   Applicable conditions

2.1   The main use(s) of the technology

□ increase production (crop, fodder, wood/ fibre, water, energy)

□ reduce, prevent, restore land degradation (soil, water, vegetation)

■ conserve ecosystem

□ preserve/ improve biodiversity

□ reduce risk of disasters (e.g. droughts, floods, landslides)

■ adapt to climate change/ extremes and its impacts (e.g. resilience to droughts, storms)

□ mitigate climate change and its impacts (e.g. through carbon sequestration)

■ create economic benefits (e.g. increase income/ employment opportunities)

■ create social benefits (e.g. reduce conflicts on natural resources, support marginalized groups)

□ other purposes (specify): ……………………………………………………………………………………………

2.2   Types of degraded land to which the technology is applicable

■ Semi-fixed sandy land

□ Shifting sandy land

□ Desertified grassland

□ Saline-alkali grassland

□ Active wind-erosion pit

□ Degraded forestland

■ Desertified cultivated land

□ Other types

2.3   The climatic conditions to which the technology is applicable

Climate zone: temperate semi-arid zone, arid zone, and semi humid zone.

Annual precipitation: 100-950 mm

Annual evaporation: 1200-2400 mm

Annual average temperature: 3-16 ℃

Maximum temperature: 40 ℃

Minimum temperature: - 30 ℃

Annual average wind speed: 2-6 m / s

2.4   The origin of the technology

County, township or climate area, and the given longitude and latitude of the application site of the project.

Heituozi Village, Zhangwu County, Fuxin City, Liaoning Province, 42.38°N and 122.57°E.

Yangqiaopan Nursery, Jingbian County, Yulin City, Shaanxi Province, 37.61°N and 109.04°E.

Yitai group LVYE forest and grass industry company, Hangjin Banner, Ordos City, Inner Mongolia, 40.04°N and 108.48°E.

3.   Site conditions suitable for the technology

1  Topographical conditions

Elevation	Topography	Slope gradients	Slope direction	Slope position
■ < 100 m	■ Flat lands	■ Flat (0-5%)	■ Sunny	■ Up
■ 101-500 m	■ Hillside	■ Gentle (6-15%)	□ Shady	■ Middle
■ 501-1, 000 m	■ Hilly slopes	■ Slope (16-25%)	■ Half-sunny	■ Down
■ 1, 001-1, 500 m	■ Slopes	□ Steep (26-35%)	■ Half-shady
■ 1, 501-2, 000 m	□ Valley floor
□ 2, 001-2, 500 m	□ Sand dunes
□ 2501-3, 000 m	■ Flat sandy land
	■ Cultivated land that slopes gently

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2  Soil condition

Soil types	Soil texture	Effective soil layer thickness	Organic matter content of surface soils	Soil hardness	Soil gravel content
■ Aeolian sandy soil	■ Sandy soil	□ 0-20 cm	■ High (> 3%)	□ High	■ Light gravelly soil (1-5%)
□ Calcium chestnut soil	■ Sandy loamy soil	■ 20-50 cm	■ Medium (1-3%)	■ Medium	■ Medium gravelly soil (5-10%)
□ Brown calcium soil	■ Loamy soil	■ 50-100 cm	■ Low (< 1%)	■ Low	■ Gravelly soil (10-30%)
■ Cinnamon soil	□ Clay	■ 100-200 cm			■ Light gravel (30-50%)
■ Saline-alkali soil		■ > 200 cm			■ Medium gravel (50-70%)
□ Others:					□ Heavy gravel soil (> 70%)

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3  Vegetation status

Vegetation types	Community coverage	Vegetation degradation status
■ Planted forest: (what kind of planted forests)	■ < 5%	■ Light
■ Sandy vegetation: (what kind of community)	■ 5-15%	■ Moderate
■ Bush: (what kind of community)	□ 15-25%	■ Severe
□Grassland: (what kind of community)	□ 25-40%	■ Artificial forest with dead tree tops
□Meadow: (what kind of community)	□ > 40%	□ Artificial forest with dead trees
□Others:

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4  Groundwater status

Average buried depth
□ < 1 m
■ 1-3 m
■ 3-5 m
■ 5-10 m
■ > 10 m

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4.   Technological contents

5   

Technical steps	Technical points	Time of year (season or month)
1.Land preparation	Complete or partial preparation of the land according to the site conditions.	Last autumn of afforestation
2.Identification of improved varieties, rootstocks and pollinating varieties	Identify locally improved varieties, rootstocks and pollinator varieties for sandy areas according to the site conditions.	Early March
3.Density, configuration, planting pit specifications	Matching compatibility varieties, 2-3 rows per stripe, with a spacing of 2m between rows; 2m between plants and about 4m between stripes.	Early April
4.Seedling requirements	Excellent seedlings of improved varieties and pollinated varieties.	Early April
5.Planting	Cavity planting was adopted. The seedlings need to be hold upright straight when planting and the roots be stretched. 1-2cm of the rootstock of the seedling should be exposed above ground, not too deep. Stepped down, watered, and mulched, and a tray with 15cm deep below the ground and 80cm in diameter was formed. Water thoroughly.	Early April
6.Nurturring management	Intertillage wedding combined with topdressing in growth season. Water once per week in the first two weeks after planting, except it is cloudy or rainy. After 40 days of planting, water according to growth conditions and soil conditions. Three years after planting, water once at each following phase of early stage of the budding, flowering, fruit expansion period, and after harvest, during March to mid-June. Apply compound fertilizer, and water once before soil freezing. Prune once a year before budding, mainly to thin out dense branches, overlapping branches, cross branches, weak branches, and diseased branches; adopt the "pruning method of rotating fruit set", including inter-row pruning and alternate pruning of fruiting branches, which saves work and can avoid the phenomenon of "alternate year bearing". In flowering period, "flower and fruit preservative" can be sprayed to improve fruit set and yield.	One year
7.Harvesting and storage	Harvest the fruit when the skin has been split, the seed coat has turned black and is fully ripe, and choose a well-ventilated and dry place to dry the fruits. When the fruit is semi-dry or dry and cracked, peel off the skin or hit it with a wooden stick to make the seeds come out. The seeds should be placed indoors or in a greenhouse to dry flat in the shade, avoiding exposure to the sun.	October

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5.   Technological cost

6   

Labour costs	15000 RMB/ha
Cost of materials	22500 RMB/ha
Water cost (if irrigation was required)	7500 RMB/ha
Total cost	45000 RMB/ha

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6.   Demonstrations

1  Multipoint test and selection of superior varieties from different geographical locations

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2  Main varieties of Xanthoceras sorbifolia and their corresponding pollination varieties

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3  Simplified cultivation mode of Xanthoceras sorbifolia: "high yield superior variety + superior rootstock + pollinated variety" in sandy land (Location: Heituozi Village, Zhangwu County, Fuxin City, Liaoning Province, 42.38 N, 122.57 E)

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