1.   Introduction

In Horqin sandy land, Aphrophora flavipes Uhler was the most dangerous pest to Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv. Vast quantities of sap would be consumed when the number of Aphrophora flavipes Uhler was large, resulting in the weakness of tree vigour and Sphaeropsis sapinea, which consequently cause serious degradation and even death of individual trees. Aiming at the Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv. plantation damaged by Aphrophora flavipes Uhler, measures such as spraying, painting insecticide-ring, trunk injection, and smoke controlling were taken to control the nymphs and adults of Aphrophora flavipes Uhler. These measures promote the restoration of degraded Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv plantation. The technology is suitable for the control of Aphrophora flavipes Uhler in degraded Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv plantation in Horqin sandy land.

2.   Applicable conditions

2.1   The main use(s) of the Technology

■ increase production (crop, fodder, wood/ fibre, water, energy)

□ reduce, prevent, restore land degradation (soil, water, vegetation)

■ conserve ecosystem

□ preserve/ improve biodiversity

■ reduce risk of disasters (e.g. droughts, floods, landslides)

□ adapt to climate change / extremes and its impacts (e.g. resilience to droughts, storms)

□ mitigate climate change and its impacts (e.g. through carbon sequestration)

□ create social benefits (e.g. reduce conflicts on natural resources, support marginalized groups)

□ other purposes (specify): ……………………………………………………………………………………………

2.2   Types of degraded land to which the technology is applicable

□ Semi-fixed sandy land

□ Shifting sandy land

□ Desertified grassland

□ Saline-alkali grassland

□ Active wind-erosion pit

■ Degraded forestland

□ Desertified cultivated land

□ Other types

2.3   The climatic conditions to which the technology is applicable

1   

Climate zones	Temperate semi-arid zone, temperate sub-humid zone
Average annual precipitation/mm	250-650mm	Average annual evaporation/mm	1000-1800mm
Average annual temperature/℃	-6 to 9℃	Maximum temperature/℃	40℃
Minimum temperature/℃	-40℃	Average annual wind speed/ m/s	2~4 m/s
Note: Precipitation, evaporation, air temperature and wind speed in the table are average values over the 1980-2010 period. The climatic data were obtained from local national weather stations.

下载: 导出CSV 

| 显示表格

2.4   The origin of the technology

2  Basic information of the demonstration area

Province	County	Township	Climate zones	Longitude	Latitude	Elevation/m
Liaoning Province	Zhanwu County	Zhanggutai Town	Temperate sub-humid zone	122°33'38″E	42°43'02"N	224

下载: 导出CSV 

| 显示表格

3.   Site conditions suitable for the technology

3  Topographical conditions

Elevation	Topography	Slope gradient	Slope direction	Slope position
□ < 100 m	□ Flat lands	□ Flat (0-5%)	□ Sunny	□ Up
■ 101-500 m	□ Hillside	□ Gentle (6-15%)	□ Shady	□ Middle
■ 501-1, 000 m	□ Hilly slopes	□ Slope (16-25%)	□ Half-sunny	□ Down
■ 1, 001-1, 500 m	□ Slopes	□ Steep (26-35%)	□ Half-shady
□ 1, 501-2, 000 m	□ Valley floor
□ 2, 001-2, 500 m	■ Sand dunes
□ 2501-3, 000 m	■ Flat sandy land
	□ Cultivated land that slopes gently

下载: 导出CSV 

| 显示表格

4  Soil condition

Soil types	Soil texture	Effective soil layer thickness	Organic matter content of surface soils	Soil hardness	Soil gravel content
■ Aeolian sandy soil	■ Sandy soil	□ 0-20 cm	□ High (> 3%)	□High	■ Light gravelly soil (1-5%)
□ Calcium chestnut soil	■ Sandy loamy soil	■ 20-50 cm	□ Medium (1-3%)	□ Medium	□ Medium gravelly soil (5-10%)
□ Brown calcium soil	□ Loamy soil	■ 50-100 cm	■ Low (< 1%)	■ Low	□ Gravelly soil (10-30%)
□ Cinnamon soil	□ Clay	■ 100-200 cm			□ Light gravel (30-50%)
□ Saline-alkali soil		■ > 200 cm			□ Medium gravel (50-70%)
□ Other:					□ Heavy gravel soil (> 70%)

下载: 导出CSV 

| 显示表格

5  Vegetation status

Vegetation types	Community coverage	Vegetation degradation status
■ Planted forests: (Pinus sylvestris Plantation)	□ < 5%	■ Light
□ Sandy vegetation: (what kind of community)	□ 5-15%	■ Moderate
□ Bush: (what kind of community)	□ 15-25%	■ Severe
□Grassland: (what kind of community)	□ 25-40%	■ Artificial forest with dead treetops
□Meadow: (what kind of community)	■ > 40%	■ Artificial forest with dead trees
□Others:

下载: 导出CSV 

| 显示表格

6  Groundwater status

Average buried depth
□ < 1 m
□ 1-3 m
■ 3-5 m
■ 5-10 m
■ > 10 m

下载: 导出CSV 

| 显示表格

4.   Technical contents

7  For specific technologies, please fill in the relevant information by selecting the technology category below.

Technological flow	The main points of the technology	Season / month of implementation
1. Agent selection	nymph prevention & control: 5.7% deltamethrin of 1500 times and 0.5% bittersweet of 500 times for spray control; methamidophos for painting insecticide-ring and trunk injection. Adult prevention & control: 2.5% deltamethrin of 2000 times for spray control; bittersweet-nicotine for smoke controlling.
2. Prevention & control methods	Spraying control: manual spraying, mechanical spraying, aircraft spraying. painting insecticide-ring: scrape a 5~6cm wide ring around the trunk of the tree at a height of 100~150cm from the ground, the ring should be scraped into a staggered semi-ring shape, only scraping the old bark, without hurting the cambium, and fulfill the ring with the liquid with a brush. trunk injection control: drill 2~4 injection holes evenly around the trunk of the tree at about 1m in height above ground, with holes 5~10cm deep, inject the original solution into the holes with a syringe and seal them with yellow clay. Depending on the size of the tree, the injection volume is 5ml~15ml per plant. Smoking control: The smoke should be applied around sunrise and sunset when there is no wind. For other technical requirements, please refer to the product specification.	The best time to prevent nymph is June and the best time to control adults is mid to late July.
3. Other requirements	During the operation, it is advised to choose less toxic and non-polluting agents for prevention and control, and to inform the surrounding population in a timely manner. After operation, depending on the damage to the forest stand, the dying and dead wood should be cut down in time.
Schedules or annexes (if there are relevant technical parameters indicators, you can add the schedule or annex information here)

下载: 导出CSV 

| 显示表格

5.   Technological cost

8   

Labour costs	100~500RMB/ha
Machinery costs	100~500RMB/ha
Cost of materials	100~200 RMB/ha
Water cost (if irrigation was required)	0 RMB/ha
Total cost	300~1, 200 RMB/ha

下载: 导出CSV 

| 显示表格

6.   Demonstrations

Stand landscape comparison before and after technology implementation.

1  Landscape of a Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv. plantation before the chemical control of the Aphrophora flavipes Uhler (June 2012)

(Houtuozi Experimental Area, Zhanggutai Town, Changwu County, Liaoning Province, 122°31'31.71″E, 42°45'5.55″N)

下载: 全尺寸图片 幻灯片

2  Landscape of Pinus sylvestris plantation after chemical control of the Aphrophora flavipes Uhler

(Injection control and fly control in 2012, sanitary felling in 2013, live photo in spring, 2015) (Houtuozi Experimental Area, Zhanggutai Town, Changwu County, Liaoning Province, 122°31'31.71″E, 42°45'5.55″N)

下载: 全尺寸图片 幻灯片