1.   Introduction

In the sandy area with different site conditions across the Beijing-Tianjin sandstorm source area, the efficient breeding technology is applied to Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge when the grafted seedlings is out of the nursery in one year. The technology involves a combination of rootstock culture, scion selection, budding technology, and heat and moisture preservation in the greenhouse in the morning and evening. This technology significantly improves the breeding efficiency of improved variety seedlings, with the nursery time of grafted seedlings shortened from 2 years for conventional ones to 1 year, and the cost decreased to half of the conventional grafted seedlings and 1/ 10 of tissue culture seedlings, which can provide a large number of excellent ecological and economic improved variety resources of Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge in the cold northern sand area. The technology is suitable for the cultivation of Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge in the semi-arid sand area of the Beijing-Tianjin sandstorm source area.

2.   Applicable conditions

2.1   The main use(s) of the Technology

□ increase production (crop, fodder, wood/ fibre, water, energy)

□ reduce, prevent, restore land degradation (soil, water, vegetation)

□ conserve ecosystem

□ preserve/ improve biodiversity

□ reduce risk of disasters (e.g. droughts, floods, landslides)

■ adapt to climate change/ extremes and its impacts (e.g. resilience to droughts, storms)

□ mitigate climate change and its impacts (e.g. through carbon sequestration)

■ create economic benefits (e.g. increase income/ employment opportunities)

■ create social benefits (e.g. reduce conflicts on natural resources, support marginalized groups)

□ other purposes (specify): ……………………………………………………………………………………………

2.2   Types of degraded land to which the technology is applicable

■ Semi-fixed sandy land

□ Shifting sandy land

□ Desertified grassland

□ Saline-alkali grassland

□ Active wind-erosion pit

□ Degraded forestland

■ Desertified cultivated land

□ Other types

2.3   The climatic conditions to which the technology is applicable

Climate zone: temperate semi-arid zone, arid zone, and semi humid zone.

Annual precipitation: 100-950 mm

Annual evaporation: 1200-2400 mm

Annual average temperature: 3-16 ℃

Maximum temperature: 40 ℃

Minimum temperature: - 30 ℃

Annual average wind speed: 2-6 m / s

2.4   The origin of the technology

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Province	County	Township	Climate zones	Longitude	Latitude	Elevation/m
Liaoning Province	Zhanwu County	Heituozi Village	Temperate sub-humid zone	122°34'12″E	42°22'48"N	220-240

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3.   Site conditions suitable for the technology

2  Topographical conditions

Elevation	Topography	Slope gradients	Slope direction	Slope position
■ < 100 m	■ Flat lands	■ Flat (0-5%)	■ Sunny	■ Up
■ 101-500 m	■ Hillside	■ Gentle (6-15%)	□ Shady	■ Middle
■ 501-1, 000 m	■ Hilly slopes	■ Slope (16-25%)	■ Half-sunny	■ Down
■ 1, 001-1, 500 m	■ Slopes	□ Steep (26-35%)	■ Half-shady
■ 1, 501-2, 000 m	□ Valley floor
□ 2, 001-2, 500 m	□ Sand dunes
□ 2501-3, 000 m	■ Flat sandy land
	■ Cultivated land that slopes gently

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3  Soil condition

Soil types	Soil texture	Effective soil layer thickness	Organic matter content of surface soils	Soil hardness	Soil gravel content
■ Aeolian sandy soil	■ Sandy soil	□ 0-20 cm	■ High (> 3%)	□High	■ Light gravelly soil(1-5%)
□ Calcium chestnut soil	■ Sandy loamy soil	■ 20-50 cm	■ Medium (1-3%)	■ Medium	■ Medium gravelly soil (5-10%)
□ Brown calcium soil	■ Loamy soil	■ 50-100 cm	■ Low (< 1%)	■ Low	■ Gravelly soil (10-30%)
■ Cinnamon soil	□ Clay	■ 100-200 cm			■ Light gravel (30-50%)
■ Saline-alkali soil		■ > 200 cm			■ Medium gravel (50-70%)
□ Others:					□ Heavy gravel soil (> 70%)

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4  Vegetation status

Vegetation types	Community coverage	Vegetation degradation status
■ Planted forest: (Pinus sylvestris plantation)	■ < 5%	■ Light
■ Sandy vegetation: (what kind of community)	■ 5-15%	■ Moderate
■ Bush: (what kind of community)	□ 15-25%	■ Severe
□ Grassland: (what kind of community)	□ 25-40%	■ Artificial forest with dead treetops
□ Meadow: (what kind of community)	□ > 40%	□ Artificial forest with dead trees
□ Others:

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5  Groundwater status

Average buried depth
□ < 1 m
■ 1-3 m
■ 3-5 m
■ 5-10 m
■ > 10 m

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4.   Technological contents

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Technological flow	The main points of the technology	Time (season or month)
1.Rootstock culture	Select mature seeds from the superior trees of Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge, select large, full-grained, disease-free seeds for rootstock cultivation; choose leeward and shady places with high terrain and well drained condition to sand-store the seeds; accelerate germination in greenhouse and sow.	September of the 1st year November of the 1st year March of the 2nd year
2.Selection of scions	Well-developed branches of current year were selected for scions from selected healthy, disease-free superior mother trees.	June of the 2nd year
3.Inlay bud grafting	Grafting is carried out when the rootstock ground diameter is greater than 0.5 cm.	June of the 2nd year
4.Rootstock cutting	When the graft is viable, cut the rootstock and promote the growth of the scion.	July of the 2nd year
5.Promotes lignification	Fertilize with potash and water as little as possible to promote lignification.	August of the 2nd year
6.Keep temperature in the morning and evening	Ensure overwintering and further promote lignification.	September of the 2nd year
7. Out of the nursery	Autumn afforestation.	October of the 2nd year

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5.   Technological cost

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Labour costs	30, 000 RMB/ha
Cost of materials	7, 500 RMB/ha
Water cost (if irrigation was required)	7, 500 RMB/ha
Total cost	45, 000 RMB/ha

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6.   Demonstrations

Comparison before and after the technology implementation

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