Moderately degraded Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantation strip transformation technology in Horqin sandy land
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图 1 Stand landscape of moderately degraded Pinus sylvestris plantations before row (belt) conversion (2013)
(Experimental area of 10, 000 mu of forest, Zhanggutai Town, Changwu County, Liaoning Province, 122°29'25 "E, 42°43'02 "N)
图 2 Stand landscape of mixed forest of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv. + Acer truncatum Bunge stands after row (band) transformation of moderately degraded Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv. plantation (2018)
(Experimental area of 10, 000 mu of forest, Zhanggutai Town, Changwu County, Liaoning Province, 122°29'25 "E, 42°43'02 "N)
图 3 Stand landscape of mixed forest of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv. + Populus alba × P. Berolinensis mixed stands after row (band) conversion of moderately degraded Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv. plantations (2020)
(Experimental area of 10, 000 mu of forest, Zhanggutai Town, Changwu County, Liaoning Province, 122°29'25 "E, 42°43'02 "N)
表 1
Climate zones Temperate semi-arid zone, temperate sub-humid zone Average annual precipitation/mm 350-650mm Average annual evaporation/mm 1000-1800mm Average annual temperature/℃ 5 to 9℃ Maximum temperature/℃ 40℃ Minimum temperature/℃ -40℃ Average annual wind speed/ m/s 2~4 m/s Note: Precipitation, evaporation, air temperature and wind speed in the table are average values over the 1980-2010 period. The climatic data were obtained from local national weather stations. 
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表 2 Basic information of the demonstration area
Province County Township Climate zones Longitude Latitude Elevation/m Liaoning Province Zhanwu County Zhanggutai Town Temperate sub-humid zone 122°33'38″E 42°43'02"N 220
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表 3 Topographical conditions
Elevation Topography Slope gradient Slope direction Slope position □ < 100 m □ Flat lands □ Flat (0-5%) □ Sunny □ Up ■ 101-500 m □ Hillside □ Gentle (6-15%) □ Shady □ Middle ■ 501-1, 000 m □ Hilly slopes □ Slope (16-25%) □ Half-sunny □ Down ■ 1, 001-1, 500 m □ Slopes □ Steep (26-35%) □ Half-shady □ 1, 501-2, 000 m □ Valley floor □ 2, 001-2, 500 m ■ Sand dunes □ 2501-3, 000 m ■ Flat sandy land □ Cultivated land that slopes gently
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表 4 Soil condition
Soil types Soil texture Effective soil layer thickness Organic matter content of surface soils Soil hardness Soil gravel content ■ Aeolian sandy soil ■ Sandy soil □ 0-20 cm □ High(> 3%) □High ■ Light gravelly soil (1-5%) □ Calcium chestnut soil ■ Sandy loamy soil ■ 20-50 cm □ Medium(1-3%) □ Medium □ Medium gravelly soil (5-10%) □ Brown calcium soil □ Loamy soil ■ 50-100 cm ■ Low(< 1%) ■ Low □ Gravelly soil (10-30%) □ Cinnamon soil □Clay ■ 100-200 cm □ Light gravel (30-50%) □ Saline-alkali soil ■ > 200 cm □ Medium gravel (50-70%) □ Others: □ Heavy gravel soil (> 70%)
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表 5 Vegetation status
Vegetation type Community coverage Vegetation degradation status ■ Planted forests: (Pinus sylvestris Plantation) □ < 5% □ Light □ Sandy vegetation: (what kind of community) □ 5-15% ■ Moderate □ Bush: (what kind of community) □ 15-25% □ Severe □Grassland: (what kind of community) □ 25-40% ■ Artificial forest with dead tree tops □Meadows: (what kind of community) ■ > 40% ■ Artificial forest with dead trees □Others:
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表 7 For specific technologies, please fill in the relevant technical information by selecting the technology category below.
Technological flow The main points of the technology Season / month of implementation 1. Selective felling Proportion of thinning: 20% to 60%.
Method of operation: manual, mechanical.
Thinning method: row strip thinning, width of thinning strip about 12m.
Other requirements: keep the rows clear of dying and dead wood.Winter 2. Pruning Pruning of retained trees.
Pruning intensity: crown height ratio 1:3 to 1:4.
Pruning cycle: 5 to 10 years.Winter 3. Land preparation Preparation method: ditching preparation or hole preparation, mainly ditching preparation.
Requirements: 30-40cm depth for ditching preparation, 40cm long × 40cm wide × 40-50cm deep for cavity preparation.Spring 4. Transformation Seedling species: coniferous trees are Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. var. zhangwuensis Zhang, Li et Yuan var. nov., Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica, Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc., Pinus syluestriformis (Takenouchi)T.Wang ex Cheng, Pinus banksiana Lamb, etc.; broad-leaved trees are Acer truncatum Bunge, Populus alba × P. Berolinensis, etc.
Seedling specifications: coniferous trees are 3-5 year old container seedlings with a height of more than 30cm; broad-leaved trees are 2-year old container seedlings or bare-root seedlings with a height of more than 30cm.
Species configuration: conifer-conifer mixed, conifer-broad mixed.
Spacing among plants: 2m × 3m, 2m × 4m, 3m × 3m, 3m × 4m.
Planting pit specifications: 40cm × 40cm × 40cm for coniferous trees and 40cm × 40cm × 50cm for broad-leaved trees.
Watering: water once as spring planting and the time and frequency of watering will be determined by drought conditions.
Other requirements: coniferous trees such as Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. var. zhangwuensis Zhang, Li et Yuan var. nov., Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv. and Pinus banksiana Lamb. are planted at a density of 1, 800 plants hm-2 or less; broad-leaved trees such as Populus alba × P. Berolinensis and Acer truncatum Bunge are planted at a density of 1, 250 to 1, 800 plants hm-2.Spring, July to August 5. Others Enclosures.
Irrigation: Yes, watering time and frequency depends on drought conditions.Schedules or annexes (if there are relevant technical parameters indicators, you can add the schedule or annex information here)
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表 8
Labour costs 2000 RMB/ha Machinery costs 1500 RMB/ha Cost of materials 8000 RMB/ha Water cost (if irrigation was required) 500 RMB/ha Total cost 12, 000 RMB/ha
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