1.   Introduction

Sand barriers (PE gauze, yellow willow twigs) were laid on the surface of shifting sand to control the wind erosion on the slope or bottom of the wind erosion pit and prevent the damage of sand burial in the sand accumulation area outside the wind erosion pits. Seeds of Artemisia desertorum, Hedysarum laeve, and Agriophyllum squarrosum were sowed within the sand barriers. Pinus sylvestris seedlings were planted in the sand accumulation area outside the wind erosion pit. This technology could fix the shifting sand and promote the vegetation restoration in the activated wind erosion pit. With the implementation of this technology, more than 40% vegetation coverage can be formed in a short time (2-3 years), which is suitable for activated wind erosion pit shifting sand fixation and vegetation restoration in semi-arid sandy area.

2.   Applicable conditions

2.1   The main use(s) of the technology

√ increase production(crop, fodder, wood/ fibre, water, energy)

√ reduce, prevent, restore land degradation (soil, water, vegetation)

□ conserve ecosystem

√ preserve/ improve biodiversity

√ reduce risk of disasters (e.g. droughts, floods, landslides)

□ adapt to climate change/ extremes and its impacts (e.g. resilience to droughts, storms)

□ mitigate climate change and its impacts (e.g. through carbon sequestration)

□ create economic benefits (e.g. increase income/ employment opportunities)

□ create social benefits (e.g. reduce conflicts on natural resources, support marginalized groups)

□ other purposes (specify): ……………………………………………………………………………………………

2.2   Types of degraded land to which the technology is applicable

√ Semi-fixed sandy land

√ Shifting sandy land

□ Desertified grassland

□ Saline-alkali grassland

√ Active wind-erosion pit

□ Degraded forestland

□ Desertified cultivated land

□ Other types: degraded grass field

2.3   The climatic conditions to which the technology is applicable

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Climate zones	Temperate semi-arid zone
Average annual precipitation/mm	250-400mm	Average annual evaporation/mm	1700-2000mm
Average annual temperature/℃	1.5-6.0℃	Maximum temperature/℃	40℃
Minimum temperature/℃	-35℃	Average annual wind speed/ m/s	2.5-3.5 m/s
Note: Precipitation, evaporation, air temperature and wind speed in the table are average values over the 1980-2010 period. The climatic data were obtained from local national weather stations.

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2.4   The origin of the technology

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Province	County	Township	Climate zones	Longitude	Latitude	Elevation/m
Inner MongoliaiAutonomous Region	Duolunr	Dahekou	Temperate semi-arid region	116°48'E	42°13'N	1200

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3.   Site conditions suitable for the technology

3  Topographical conditions

Elevation	Topography	Slope gradient	Slope direction	Slope position
□ < 100 m	□ Flat lands	■ Flat (0-5%)	□ Sunny	□ Up
■ 101-500 m	□ Hillside	■ Gentle (6-15%)	□ Shady	□ Middle
■ 501-1, 000 m	□ Hilly slopes	□ Slope (16-25%)	□ Half-sunny	□ Down
■ 1, 001-1, 500 m	□ Slopes	□ Steep (26-35%)	□ Half-shady
□ 1, 501-2, 000 m	□ Valley floor
□ 2, 001-2, 500 m	■ Sand dunes
□ 2501-3, 000 m	■ Flat sandy land
	□ Cultivated land that slopes gently

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4  Soil condition

Soil types	Soil texture	Effective soil layer thickness	Organic matter content of surface soils	Soil hardness	Soil gravel content
■ Aeolian sandy soil	■ Sandy soil	□ 0-20 cm	□ High (> 3%)	□ High	■ Light gravelly soil (1-5%)
□ Calcium chestnut soil	□ Sandy loamy soil	□ 20-50 cm	□ Medium (1-3%)	□ Medium	□ Medium gravelly soil (5-10%)
□ Brown calcium soil	□ Loamy soil	■ 50-100 cm	■ Low (< 1%)	■ Low	□ Gravelly soil (10-30%)
□ Cinnamon soil	□ Clay	□ 100-200 cm			□ Light gravel (30-50%)
□ Saline-alkali soil		□ > 200 cm			□ Medium gravel (50-70%)
□ Others:					□ Heavy gravel soil (> 70%)

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5  Vegetation status

Vegetation types	Community coverage	Vegetation degradation status
□ Planted forest: (what kind of community)	■ < 5%	□ Light
■ Sandy vegetation: (Agriophyllum squarrosum (Linn.) Moq and Corispermum hyssopifolium)	■ 5-15%	□ Moderate
□ Bush: (what kind of community)	□ 15-25%	■ Severe
□ Grassland: (what kind of community)	□ 25-40%	□ Artificial forest with dead treetops
□ Meadow: (what kind of community)	□ > 40%	□ Artificial forest with dead trees
□ Others:

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6  Groundwater status

Average buried depth
□ < 1 m
■ 1-3 m
■ 3-5 m
□ 5-10 m
□ > 10 m

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4.   Technical contents

7  For specific technologies, please fill in the relevant information by selecting the technology category below.

Technological flow	The main points of the technology	Season/month of implementation
1. Sand barriers setting	Sand barrier materials: PE (polyethylene) mesh with 40% porosity (20 mesh); yellow willow branches. Types of sand barrier: strip sand barriers, 2-4m wide were used in slopes and bottom of wind erosion pit; checkerboard sand barriers, 2m × 2m - 4m × 4m. were used in sand accumulation area outside the pit. Laying specifications: PE mesh sand barriers with a height of 10-15cm above ground; yellow willow sand barriers with a height of 15-20cm above ground. Sand barrier orientation: perpendicular to the main wind direction	Spring (April-May)
2. Seeding	Plant species: Sagebrush, poplar fir, sago were used in wind erosion pits (slopes, bottoms, and sand accumulation areas outside the pits). Seed requirements: first- or second-class high-quality seeds. Sowing method: sowing in the rainy season Sowing rate: 1.0kg per Mu Mixing ratio: 4:2:2 for Artemisia: poplar wood: sand rice Sowing depth: surface sowing Fertilizer requirements: none Watering: none	Rainy season (June-July)
3. Seedlings planting	Seedling type: Pinus sylvestris was chosen to plant in sand accumulation areas outside the wind erosion pits. Seedling size: container seedlings with height of about 50cm, Species configuration: none Plant spacing/density configuration: 2m × 4m Planting pit size: 30m × 30cm × 40cm Fertilizer application: none Watering: none	Rainy season (June-July)
4. Nurturing management	Enclosure: yes Fertilization: no Irrigation: no	Year-round (January-December)
5. Others

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5.   Technological cost

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Labour costs	2300-3000 RMB/ha
Cost of materials	6000-9000 RMB/ha
Total cost	8300-12000 RMB/ha

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6.   Demonstrations

1  Pictures before (a, c, e, 2017) and after (b, d, f, 2019) governance in three separate wind erosion pits at Honghuashan Village, Dahekou Township. Photographer, Yan Deren.

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