1.   Introduction

Stumping technology could be used to promote the rejuvenation of a declined sand-fixation shrubbery and reserve its wind prevention and sand fixation functions. This technology is mainly applicable to species with apical dominance and potential rejuvenation and renewal ability. Typical species include Salix gordejevii, Salix cheilophila, Caragana microphylla, Caragana korshinskii, Hedysarum fruticosum, Lespedeza bicolor, Hippophae rhamnoides, Nitraria tangutorum, and Robinia pseudoacacia, etc.

2.   Applicable conditions

2.1   The main use(s) of the technology

√ increase production(crop, fodder, wood/ fibre, water, energy)

√ reduce, prevent, restore land degradation (soil, water, vegetation)

√ conserve ecosystem

□ preserve/ improve biodiversity

√ reduce risk of disasters (e.g. droughts, floods, landslides)

□ adapt to climate change/ extremes and its impacts (e.g. resilience to droughts, storms)

□ mitigate climate change and its impacts (e.g. through carbon sequestration)

□ create economic benefits (e.g. increase income/ employment opportunities)

□ create social benefits (e.g. reduce conflicts on natural resources, support marginalized groups)

□ other purposes (specify): ……………………………………………………………………………………………

2.2   Types of degraded land to which the technology is applicable

√ Semi-fixed sandy land

√ Shifting sandy land

□ Desertified grassland

□ Saline-alkali grassland

√ Active wind-erosion pit

√ Degraded forestland

□ Desertified cultivated land

□ Other types: degraded grass field

2.3   The climatic conditions to which the technology is applicable

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Climate zones	Temperate semi-arid zone
Average annual precipitation/mm	200-350mm	Average annual evaporation/mm	1500-2000mm
Average annual temperature/℃	1.5-6.0℃	Maximum temperature/℃	40℃
Minimum temperature/℃	-23℃	Average annual wind speed/ m/s	1.8-3.5 m/s
Note: Precipitation, evaporation, air temperature and wind speed in the table are average values over the 1980-2010 period. The climatic data were obtained from local national weather stations.

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2.4   The origin of the technology

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Province	County	Township	Climate zones	Longitude	Latitude	Elevation/m
Inner MongoliaAutonomous Region	Ongniud Banner	Ashhansumu	Semiarid areas	119°39′E	42°17'N	480

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3.   Site conditions suitable for the technology

3  Topographical conditions

Elevation	Topography	Slope gradient	Slope direction	Slope position
■ < 100 m	■ Flat lands	■ Flat (0-5%)	■ Sunny	■ Up
□ 101-500 m	■ Hillside	■ Gentle (6-15%)	■ Shady	■ Middle
■ 501-1, 000 m	□ Hilly slopes	■ Slope (16-25%)	■ Half-sunny	■ Down
□ 1, 001-1, 500 m	■ Slopes	□ Steep (26-35%)	■ Half-shady
□ 1, 501-2, 000 m	□ Valley floor
□ 2, 001-2, 500 m	■ Sand dunes
□ 2501-3, 000 m	■ Flat sandy land
	□ Cultivated land that slopes gently

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4  Soil condition

Soil types	Soil texture	Effective soil layer thickness	Organic matter content of surface soils	Soil hardness	Soil gravel content
■ Aeolian sandy soil	■ Sandy soil	■ 0-20 cm	□ High (> 3%)	□ High	■ Light gravelly soil (1-5%)
■ Calcium chestnut soil	■ Sandy loamy soil	■ 20-50 cm	■ Medium (1-3%)	■ Medium	■ Medium gravelly soil (5-10%)
□ Brown calcium soil	□ Loamy soil	□ 50-100 cm	■ Low (< 1%)	■ Low	□ Gravelly soil (10-30%)
□ Cinnamon soil	□ Clay	□ 100-200 cm			□ Light gravel (30-50%)
□ Saline-alkali soil		□ > 200 cm			□ Medium gravel (50-70%)
□ Others:					□ Heavy gravel soil (> 70%)

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5  Vegetation status

Vegetation types	Community coverage	Vegetation degradation status
■ Planted forest: (Caragana microphylla and Cauliflower-shaped)	□ < 5%	□ Light
■ Sandy vegetation: (Salix gordejevii and Salix)	□ 5-15%	■ Moderate
■ Bush: (Caragana microphylla and Cauliflower-shaped)	■ 15-25%	■ Severe
□ Grassland: (what kind of community)	■ 25-40%	■ Artificial forest with dead treetops
□ Meadow: (what kind of community)	□ > 40%	■ Artificial forest with dead trees
□ Others:

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6  Groundwater status

Average buried depth
■ < 1 m
■ 1-3 m
■ 3-5 m
■ 5-10 m
■ > 10 m

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4.   Technical contents

7  For specific technologies, please fill in the relevant information by selecting the technology category below.

Technological flow	The main points of the technology	Season/month of implementation
1. Stumping	Tools: sharp machete, axe or professional branch shears; Stubble height: 0-5cm from the ground, 20-50cm in areas with strong wind and sand activity. Stand age of being stumped: usually 4-5 years, some shrub species may be 2-3 years old. Stumping cycle: usually 4-5 years, some shrub species 2-3 years or 5-6 years. Stumping reserve coverage: usually 20-50%. Proportion and distribution of stumping area and reserved area: areas with strong wind and sand activity or low vegetation cover could choose belt stumping. Stumping and reserved area ratio, 1:1, with belt wide 2-3m; or 1:2 with belt wide 3-5 m; or block stumping in areas with light wind and sand activity or high vegetation cover (ratio 1:2 or 1:3). Other requirements:	Period from leaf fall to the following spring, i.e. during the soil freezing period. Areas with strong sand activity or low vegetation cover could be implemented in March each year before the soil thaws. Areas with light sand activity or high vegetation cover can be implemented from November to March of the following year (after soil frozen and before soil thaw).
2. Post-stumping nurturing and management	Fencing: strict fencing measures for 1-3 years after stumping, than light grazing or continuous fencing could be applied after the shrubs have recovered. Fertilizer application: none Irrigation: none Other requirements:	Enclosures throughout the year
3. Others

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5.   Technological cost

8   

Labour costs	750 RMB/ha
Mechanical stubble cost	500 RMB/ha
Cost of materials	0 RMB/ha
Water cost (if irrigation was required)	0 RMB/ha
Total cost	12500 RMB/ha

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6.   Demonstrations

Comparisons before and after technology implementation

1  Pictures before (a, March 20, 2017), during (b, March 20, 2017), and after (c, July 5, 2018) stumping rejuvenation of a Caragana microphylla shrubbery in the southwest sand dune (119.65E, 43.03N) of Ashkhansumu, Ongniud Banner, Chifeng City.

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