1.   Introduction

First, belt or checkerboard shaped sand barriers (Salix, Artemisia, traw-rope, PLA) sitting on the top soil of the shifting sand were used for sand fixation. Then, local fasting-growing species such as Hedysarum laeve, Artemisia sieversiana, Salix psammophila and Caragana korshinskii were planted within barriers. The shifting sand could be fixed quickly and the vegetation recovered simultaneously. This technology is suitable for shifting sandy lands where rapid fixation is needed in semi-arid sandy area.

2.   Applicable conditions

2.1   The main use(s) of the technology

√ increase production(crop, fodder, wood/ fibre, water, energy)

√ reduce, prevent, restore land degradation (soil, water, vegetation)

√ conserve ecosystem

√ preserve/ improve biodiversity

□ reduce risk of disasters (e.g. droughts, floods, landslides)

□ adapt to climate change/ extremes and its impacts (e.g. resilience to droughts, storms)

□ mitigate climate change and its impacts (e.g. through carbon sequestration)

□ create economic benefits (e.g. increase income/ employment opportunities)

□ create social benefits (e.g. reduce conflicts on natural resources, support marginalized groups)

□ other purposes (specify): ……………………………………………………………………………………………

2.2   Types of degraded land to which the technology is applicable

□ Semi-fixed sandy land

√ Shifting sandy land

□ Desertified grassland

□ Saline-alkali grassland

□ Active wind-erosion pit

□ Degraded forestland

□ Desertified cultivated land

□ Other types: degraded grass field

2.3   The climatic conditions to which the technology is applicable

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Climate zones	Temperate semi-arid zone
Average annual precipitation/mm	260-350mm	Average annual evaporation/mm	2591.9mm
Average annual temperature/℃	6.1-8.15℃	Maximum temperature/℃	29℃
Minimum temperature/℃	-25℃	Average annual wind speed/ m/s	3.5 m/s
Note: Precipitation, evaporation, air temperature and wind speed in the table are average values over the 1980-2010 period. The climatic data were obtained from local national weather stations.

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2.4   The origin of the technology

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Province	County	Township	Climate zones	Longitude	Latitude	Elevation/m
Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region	Uxin Banner	Ulantaugi	Temperate semi-arid zone	109°05'12〞~109°18'19〞E	38°48'05〞~38°57'01〞N	1295-1360

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3.   Site conditions suitable for the technology

3  Topographical conditions

Elevation	Topography	Slope gradient	Slope direction	Slope position
□ < 100 m	□ Flat lands	■ Flat (0-5%)	□ Sunny	□ Up
□ 101-500 m	□ Hillside	■ Gentle (6-15%)	■ Shady	■ Middle
□ 501-1, 000 m	□ Hilly slopes	■ Slope (16-25%)	■ Half-sunny	■ Down
■ 1, 001-1, 500 m	□ Slopes	□ Steep (26-35%)	■ Half-shady
□ 1, 501-2, 000 m	□ Valley floor
□ 2, 001-2, 500 m	■ Sand dunes
□ 2501-3, 000 m	□ Flat sandy land
	□ Cultivated land that slopes gently

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4  Soil condition

Soil types	Soil texture	Effective soil layer thickness	Organic matter content of surface soils	Soil hardness	Soil gravel content
■ Aeolian sandy soil	■ Sandy soil	□ 0-20 cm	□ High(> 3%)	□ High	■ Light gravelly soil (1-5%)
□ Calcium chestnut soil	□ Sandy loamy soil	■ 20-50 cm	□ Medium(1-3%)	□ Medium	□ Medium gravelly soil (5-10%)
□ Brown calcium soil	□ Loamy soil	□ 50-100 cm	■ Low(< 1%)	■ Low	□ Gravelly soil (10-30%)
□ Cinnamon soil	□ Clay	□ 100-200 cm			□ Light gravel (30-50%)
□ Saline-alkali soil		□ > 200 cm			□ Medium gravel (50-70%)
□ Others:					□ Heavy gravel soil (> 70%)

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5  Vegetation status

Vegetation types	Community coverage	Vegetation degradation status
□ Planted forest: (what kind of community)	■ < 5%	□ Light
■ Sandy vegetation: (Desert)	□ 5-15%	□ Moderate
□ Bush: (what kind of community)	□ 15-25%	■ Severe
□ Grassland: (what kind of community)	□ 25-40%	□ Artificial forest with dead treetops
□ Meadow: (what kind of community)	□ > 40%	□ Artificial forest with dead trees
□ Others:

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6  Groundwater status

Average buried depth
□ < 1 m
□ 1-3 m
□ 3-5 m
■ 5-10 m
□ > 10 m

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4.   Technical contents

7  For specific technologies, please fill in the relevant information by selecting the technology category below.

Technological flow	The main points of the technology	Season/month of implementation
1. Sand barrier setting	Types of sand barriers: A, High vertical live Salix checkerboard sand barrier B, Flat mechanical sand barrier (checkerboard or belt) C, New material mechanical sand barrier (checkerboard or belt) D, Low vertical live Salix belt sand barrier E, Low vertical live Salix checkerboard sand barrier Barrier materials: A, Salix (40% to 50% porosity) B, Salix and Artemisia (100% porosity) C, Straw rope and PLA bags (100% porosity) D, Salix (porosity around 50%-60%) E, Salal (porosity 50%~60% approx.) Laying specifications: (length × width × height) A, Checkboard laying: 3m×3m×0.7m, 2m×1.5m×0.6m B, Strip laying: 4-6m between strips; lattice laying: 1.5m × 1.5m, 2m × 2m, 2m × 3m C, Checkerboard laying: 1.5m × 1.5m, 2m × 2m, 2m × 3m, 3m × 3m, barrier height 8-15cm D, Strip: 3m between strips, barrier height 15-30cm. E, Checkerboard: 1m × 1m, 2m × 2m, 3m × 3m, barrier height 15-30cm. Sand barrier alignment: Along the contour of the dune, or according to the different slopes of the dunes. Other requirements: none	Spring and Autumn
2. Seeding	Plant species: Salix, Hedysarum and Artemisia. Seed requirements: none Sowing: Healthy, disease-free seedlings; first- and second-class seedlings Sowing rate: 1.5 kg/acre Mix sowing ratio: ratio: 6:4 Sowing depth: Depth: 5-10cm Fertilizer requirement: none Watering: none Other requirements: none	Sowing before the rainy season
3. Planting of seedlings	Seedling species: Salix, Hedysarum and Artemisia. Seedling specifications: Salix: 2-3 year old Salix cuttings, 50-60cm long. Hedysarum and Artemisia sticks: solid annual seedlings, 30-40cm high. Species configuration: mixed Planting spacing/density: 1 × 4m for Salix cuttings, 2 × 4m for Hedysarum and Artemisia. Planting pit specifications: (length × width × depth) Length and width of 20cm × 30cm, 30cm × 30cm or 30cm × 40cm, depth about 20~30cm Fertilizer application: none Watering: 1 thoroughly watering before digging and 1 more after planting Other requirements: none	Spring
4. Nurturing management	Enclosure: yes Fertilization: no Irrigation: no Other requirements: none
5. Others	Fencing to prevent livestock gnawing and regular cleaning.
Note: 2 sowing and 3 seedling planting, fill in only one item according to the actual situation.

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5.   Technological cost

8  Technical cost estimate table

Technical models	Types of sand barriers	Plant species	Cost of materials		Labour costs		Total cost
			(RMB/ha)		(RMB/ha)		(RMB/ha)
			Sand Barrier Costs	Cost of planting species	Cost of sand barrier laying	Cost of seeds, seedlings sowing and planting
1	Salix low vertical checkerboard size: 1m × 1m	Scattering: poplar fir + seeded artemisia	20010	945	24012	150	45117
2	Salix low vertical checkerboard size: 2m × 2m	Scattering: poplar fir + seeded artemisia	10005	945	12006	150	23106
3	Salix low vertical checkerboard size: 3m × 3m	Scattering: poplar fir + seeded artemisia	6675	945	8010	150	15780
4	Salix low vertical checkerboard size: 1m × 1m	Seedlings: Salix, poplar fir	20010	Salal: 751 Hedysarum laeve: 375	24012	Salal: 1127 Hedysarum laeve: 560	45900/44957
5	Salix low vertical checkerboard size: 2m × 2m	Seedlings: Salix, poplar fir	10005	Salal: 751 Hedysarum laeve: 375	12006	Salal: 1127 Hedysarum laeve: 560	23889/22946
6	Salix low vertical checkerboard size: 3m × 3m	Seedlings: Salix, poplar fir	6675	Salal: 751 Hedysarum laeve: 375	8010	Salal: 1127 Hedysarum laeve: 560	16563/15620
7	Grass rope checkerboard size: 1m × 1m	Scattering: poplar fir + seeded artemisia	6003	945	8004	150	15102
8	Grass rope checkerboard size: 2m × 2m	Scattering: poplar fir + seeded artemisia	3002	945	4002	150	8099
9	Grass rope checkerboard size: 3m × 3m	Scattering: poplar fir + seeded artemisia	2003	945	2670	150	5768
10	PLA checkerboard size: 1m × 1m	Scattering: poplar fir + seeded artemisia	40020	945	10005	150	51120
11	PLA checkerboard shape size: 2m × 2m	Scattering: poplar fir + seeded artemisia	20010	945	5003	150	26108
12	PLA checkerboard size: 3m × 3m	Scattering: poplar fir + seeded artemisia	13350	945	3338	150	17783

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6.   Demonstrations

Comparisons before and after technology implementation.

1  Pictures before (a, 2017.5), one year (b), two years (c), three years (d) and four years (e) after the "low vertical live Salix psammophila cuttings checkerboard sand barriers + Scattering Hedysarum laeve+ Artemisia sphaerocephala krasch seeds within the barriers" fixation technology applied.

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① Vegetation restoration

The vegetation cover in shifting sand dunes was less than 5% before fixation treatment. The vegetation coverage reached 12% in the third year after fixation, 10.2% of which was contributed by shrubs. The species included Salix psammophila, poplar firewood, seeds of Artemisia sphaerocephala krasch, Agriophyllum squarrosum (Linn.) Moq. and Corispermum hyssopifolium L. The vegetation coverage reached 31.1% in the fourth year, 29.1% of which was contributed by the shrubs. The the species included Salix psammophila, Hedysarum laeve, Artemisia sphaerocephala krasch, Agriophyllum squarrosum (Linn.) Moq., Corispermum hyssopifolium L. and Psammochloa villosa (Trin.) Bor. The vegetation coverage could reach 55% in the tenth year.

② Soil fertility increased significantly:

The soil pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium in the 0-30cm depth were 8.56, 0.81 g/kg, 0.03 g/kg, 2.85 g/kg and 28.59 g/kg respectively before fixation treatments. These values were 7.418, 2.66 g/kg, 0.073 g/kg, 2.86 g/kg and 28.62 g/kg respectively, 10 years later after vegetation restoration.

③ Sand transport flux declined

After three years of fixation treatments, the sand transport flux within the height of 0-20cm near the ground, the Salix psammophila barriers, decreased by 79% on average compared with that in control.

2  Pictures soon after (a, 2017.5), one year (b), two years (c), three years (d) and four years (e) after the "PLA sand barriers + Scattering Hedysarum laeve+ Artemisia sphaerocephala krasch seeds within the barrier" fixation technology applied in shifting sand dunes.

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① Stand growth: The vegetation coverage in the third year was lower than 5% with main species including with Artemisia sphaerocephala krasch, Corispermum hyssopifolium L. and Psammochloa villosa (Trin.) Bor. The vegetation coverage reaches 5.4% in the fourth year. The species included Hedysarum laeve, Artemisia sphaerocephala krasch, Corispermum hyssopifolium L. and Psammochloa villosa (Trin.) Bor. The wind erosion was serious, and the permeability of sand barrier is poor.

② Sand fixation effect: After three years of fixation treatments, the sand transport flux within the height of 0-20cm near the ground, the PLA sand bag barriers, decreased by 42% on average compared with that in control.

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(1) Technical control effect of "straw rope mechanical sand barrier + scattering Hedysarum laeveand seed Artemisia within the barrier" (before setting, it was shifting sand dunes, and the vegetation coverage was < 5%)

① Stand growth: In the third year, the vegetation coverage reaches 5.1%, and the vegetation types include Corethrodendron fruticosum var. mongolicum, seed Artemisia, Agriophyllum squarrosum (Linn.) Moqi, reed, Corispermum hyssopifolium L. and bamboo. In the fourth year, the vegetation coverage reaches 15.9%, of which the shrub coverage is 8.9% and the herb coverage is 7.1%. The vegetation types include Corethrodendron fruticosum var. mongolicum, Artemisia annua, Artemisia seed, Agriophyllum squarrosum (Linn.) Moq, wormwood, reed grass, chicory and bitter cabbage.

② Sand fixation effect: After three years of setting up barriers, the sand transport volume within the barrier at the height of 0-20cm near the ground is reduced compared with the bare sand. The results show that the straw rope barrier reduces the sand deposition by 56% on average compared with that in control.