Sand barrier technologies in promoting vegetation restoration of shifting sand dunes
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图 1 Pictures before (a, 2017.5), one year (b), two years (c), three years (d) and four years (e) after the "low vertical live Salix psammophila cuttings checkerboard sand barriers + Scattering Hedysarum laeve+ Artemisia sphaerocephala krasch seeds within the barriers" fixation technology applied.
图 2 Pictures soon after (a, 2017.5), one year (b), two years (c), three years (d) and four years (e) after the "PLA sand barriers + Scattering Hedysarum laeve+ Artemisia sphaerocephala krasch seeds within the barrier" fixation technology applied in shifting sand dunes.
表 1
Climate zones Temperate semi-arid zone Average annual precipitation/mm 260-350mm Average annual evaporation/mm 2591.9mm Average annual temperature/℃ 6.1-8.15℃ Maximum temperature/℃ 29℃ Minimum temperature/℃ -25℃ Average annual wind speed/ m/s 3.5 m/s Note: Precipitation, evaporation, air temperature and wind speed in the table are average values over the 1980-2010 period. The climatic data were obtained from local national weather stations. 
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表 2
Province County Township Climate zones Longitude Latitude Elevation/m Inner Mongolia
Autonomous RegionUxin Banner Ulantaugi Temperate semi-arid zone 109°05'12〞~109°18'19〞E 38°48'05〞~38°57'01〞N 1295-1360
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表 3 Topographical conditions
Elevation Topography Slope gradient Slope direction Slope position □ < 100 m □ Flat lands ■ Flat (0-5%) □ Sunny □ Up □ 101-500 m □ Hillside ■ Gentle (6-15%) ■ Shady ■ Middle □ 501-1, 000 m □ Hilly slopes ■ Slope (16-25%) ■ Half-sunny ■ Down ■ 1, 001-1, 500 m □ Slopes □ Steep (26-35%) ■ Half-shady □ 1, 501-2, 000 m □ Valley floor □ 2, 001-2, 500 m ■ Sand dunes □ 2501-3, 000 m □ Flat sandy land □ Cultivated land that slopes gently
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表 4 Soil condition
Soil types Soil texture Effective soil layer thickness Organic matter content of surface soils Soil hardness Soil gravel content ■ Aeolian sandy soil ■ Sandy soil □ 0-20 cm □ High(> 3%) □ High ■ Light gravelly soil (1-5%) □ Calcium chestnut soil □ Sandy loamy soil ■ 20-50 cm □ Medium(1-3%) □ Medium □ Medium gravelly soil (5-10%) □ Brown calcium soil □ Loamy soil □ 50-100 cm ■ Low(< 1%) ■ Low □ Gravelly soil (10-30%) □ Cinnamon soil □ Clay □ 100-200 cm □ Light gravel (30-50%) □ Saline-alkali soil □ > 200 cm □ Medium gravel (50-70%) □ Others: □ Heavy gravel soil (> 70%)
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表 5 Vegetation status
Vegetation types Community coverage Vegetation degradation status □ Planted forest: (what kind of community) ■ < 5% □ Light ■ Sandy vegetation: (Desert) □ 5-15% □ Moderate □ Bush: (what kind of community) □ 15-25% ■ Severe □ Grassland: (what kind of community) □ 25-40% □ Artificial forest with dead treetops □ Meadow: (what kind of community) □ > 40% □ Artificial forest with dead trees □ Others:
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表 7 For specific technologies, please fill in the relevant information by selecting the technology category below.
Technological flow The main points of the technology Season/month of implementation 1. Sand barrier
settingTypes of sand barriers: A, High vertical live Salix checkerboard sand barrier
B, Flat mechanical sand barrier (checkerboard or belt)
C, New material mechanical sand barrier (checkerboard or belt)
D, Low vertical live Salix belt sand barrier
E, Low vertical live Salix checkerboard sand barrier
Barrier materials:
A, Salix (40% to 50% porosity)
B, Salix and Artemisia (100% porosity)
C, Straw rope and PLA bags (100% porosity)
D, Salix (porosity around 50%-60%)
E, Salal (porosity 50%~60% approx.)
Laying specifications: (length × width × height)
A, Checkboard laying: 3m×3m×0.7m, 2m×1.5m×0.6m
B, Strip laying: 4-6m between strips; lattice laying: 1.5m × 1.5m, 2m × 2m, 2m × 3m
C, Checkerboard laying: 1.5m × 1.5m, 2m × 2m, 2m × 3m, 3m × 3m, barrier height 8-15cm
D, Strip: 3m between strips, barrier height 15-30cm.
E, Checkerboard: 1m × 1m, 2m × 2m, 3m × 3m, barrier height 15-30cm.
Sand barrier alignment:
Along the contour of the dune, or according to the different slopes of the dunes.
Other requirements: noneSpring and Autumn 2. Seeding Plant species: Salix, Hedysarum and Artemisia.
Seed requirements: none
Sowing: Healthy, disease-free seedlings; first- and second-class seedlings
Sowing rate: 1.5 kg/acre
Mix sowing ratio: ratio: 6:4
Sowing depth: Depth: 5-10cm
Fertilizer requirement: none
Watering: none
Other requirements: noneSowing before the rainy season 3. Planting of seedlings Seedling species: Salix, Hedysarum and Artemisia.
Seedling specifications:
Salix: 2-3 year old Salix cuttings, 50-60cm long.
Hedysarum and Artemisia sticks: solid annual seedlings, 30-40cm high.
Species configuration: mixed
Planting spacing/density: 1 × 4m for Salix cuttings, 2 × 4m for Hedysarum and Artemisia.
Planting pit specifications: (length × width × depth)
Length and width of 20cm × 30cm, 30cm × 30cm or 30cm × 40cm, depth about 20~30cm
Fertilizer application: none
Watering: 1 thoroughly watering before digging and 1 more after planting
Other requirements: noneSpring 4. Nurturing management Enclosure: yes
Fertilization: no
Irrigation: no
Other requirements: none5. Others Fencing to prevent livestock gnawing and regular cleaning. Note: 2 sowing and 3 seedling planting, fill in only one item according to the actual situation.
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表 8 Technical cost estimate table
Technical models Types of sand barriers Plant species Cost of materials Labour costs Total cost (RMB/ha) (RMB/ha) (RMB/ha) Sand Barrier Costs Cost of planting species Cost of sand barrier laying Cost of seeds, seedlings sowing and planting 1 Salix low vertical checkerboard size: 1m × 1m Scattering: poplar fir + seeded artemisia 20010 945 24012 150 45117 2 Salix low vertical checkerboard size: 2m × 2m Scattering: poplar fir + seeded artemisia 10005 945 12006 150 23106 3 Salix low vertical checkerboard size: 3m × 3m Scattering: poplar fir + seeded artemisia 6675 945 8010 150 15780 4 Salix low vertical checkerboard size: 1m × 1m Seedlings: Salix, poplar fir 20010 Salal: 751
Hedysarum
laeve: 37524012 Salal: 1127
Hedysarum
laeve: 56045900/44957 5 Salix low vertical checkerboard size: 2m × 2m Seedlings: Salix, poplar fir 10005 Salal: 751
Hedysarum
laeve: 37512006 Salal: 1127
Hedysarum
laeve: 56023889/22946 6 Salix low vertical checkerboard size: 3m × 3m Seedlings: Salix, poplar fir 6675 Salal: 751
Hedysarum
laeve: 3758010 Salal: 1127
Hedysarum
laeve: 56016563/15620 7 Grass rope checkerboard size: 1m × 1m Scattering: poplar fir + seeded artemisia 6003 945 8004 150 15102 8 Grass rope checkerboard size: 2m × 2m Scattering: poplar fir + seeded artemisia 3002 945 4002 150 8099 9 Grass rope checkerboard size: 3m × 3m Scattering: poplar fir + seeded artemisia 2003 945 2670 150 5768 10 PLA checkerboard size: 1m × 1m Scattering: poplar fir + seeded artemisia 40020 945 10005 150 51120 11 PLA checkerboard shape size: 2m × 2m Scattering: poplar fir + seeded artemisia 20010 945 5003 150 26108 12 PLA checkerboard size: 3m × 3m Scattering: poplar fir + seeded artemisia 13350 945 3338 150 17783
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